
*********

The Project 64 etext of the ~Bomb Alley Rule Book~, converted to etext
by Vincent <vcsfu@is1.hk.super.net>.

BOMBAL10.TXT, June 1997, etext #253#

*********

BOMB ALLEY RULE BOOK
====================

 1.0 INTRODUCTION
 2.0 GENERAL DESCRIPTION
 3.0 SEQUENCE OF PLAY
 4.0 TASK FORCE ADJUSTMENT PHASE
 5.0 TASK FORCE MOVEMENT
 6.0 PLANNING LAND ATTACKS
 7.0 AIR OPERATIONS
 8.0 COMBAT RESOLUTION
 9.0 GENERAL OPERATIONS
10.0 MINI GAMES
11.0 SOLITAIRE PLAY
12.0 TWO-PLAYER GAMES
13.0 ORDER OF BATTLE
14.0 SHIP DATA
     Campaign and Pedestal Scenarios
     Crete Scenario
15.0 STRATEGY NOTES
16.0 CREDITS
17.0 HISTORICAL COMMENTARY


1.0 INTRODUCTION
================
BOMB ALLEY is an operational level game featuring combat between
British and Axis air, land, surface-naval and submarine forces for
control of the Mediterranean and North Africa in 1942.  Every ship,
airplane or infantry company available to the local British and Axis
commanders in the summer of 1942 are now under your control.  You will
need to organize your ships into task forces to perform various
missions: sea lane, interdiction, land bombardment, supply/troop
transport, evacuation, etc.  All play revolves around the creation and
manipulation of these task forces and the effective concentration of
air power.  Included are a compaign game covering June 11 to August
31, 1942, and minigames covering the invasion of Crete in May 1941 and
Operation Pedestal in August 1942.

1.1 Description of Action:
-------------------------
Each game turn represents the passage of 12 hours.  A game turn
consists of:(1) building and adjusting friendly task forces;(2) moving
your task forces;(3) launching air missions during daylight turns;(4)
combat resolution.

1.2 Talking to the Computer:
---------------------------
To enter a response to the computer that consists of numbers (such as
ship or task force identification numbers or the number of aircraft
performing a mission), type the number into the computer and press the
<return> key.  To select a routine from the Task Force Menu or answer
a Yes/No question, just press the desired key.  If you wish to halt
the game during the combat resolution phase, type <CNTRL-C>.  This
will cause the program to pause until you press another key.

1.3 Saving a Game:
-----------------
Upon completion of the combat phase of each turn, the computer will
allow the player(s) to save the game in progress.  You will need a
scratch disk to store the saved game data.  The disk must be
initialized for SSI use by following the instructions included in the
game program.  Once the game is saved, you will be able to restart it
from the point at which you left off.

1.4 The Map:
-----------
The map is a 40 x 40 square grid representation of the Mediterranean
Theatre.  Each square measures 60 miles in width.  Land Squares are
yellow, orange, or green; black squares are ocean; while squares are
bases; red squares are British TFs; and blue squares are Axis TFs.
The range between squares is calculated between the center of the
first square and the center of the second square.  The number thus
obtained is rounded up.

Example: 5 squares over and 1 square up equals range of 5.099 or 6.

 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 | | | | | | | | | | |
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 | | | | | | |X| | | |
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 | |X| | | | | | | | |
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 | | | | | | | | | | |
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    ^         ^
    |_________|


1.5 Starting a Game (DOS 3.2 or 3.3):
------------------------------------
To begin a game, boot your game disk and the game will begin
automatically.  If you are using an Apple II with Pascal, you must
first use your BASICS disk.  If you are using and Apple III, you must
first go into Apple II emulation mode.


2.0 GENERAL DESCRIPTION
=======================

2.1 Parts Inventory:
-------------------
A. Game Box
B. Rule Book
C. 5 1/4" game disk
D. Two map data cards

2.2 Passwords:
-------------
At the start of a non-solitaire game both sides will be required to
enter a password.  The password may contain any combination of letters
and numbers totalling less than 256 characters.  It is important that
both sides keep their passwords secret to insure that the computer
will give secret information only to the proper side.  Some sample
passwords are: "AXIS", "1942", and "Q".

2.3 Abbreviations:
-----------------
Abbreviations used in the game are explained below:

CV   aircraft carrier           DML   minelayer
BB   battleship                 MTB   torpedo boat
CA   heavy cruiser              MG    main guns
CL   light cruiser              AA    light guns
CLAA anti-aircraft cruiser      TT    Torpedoes
DD   destroyer                  CC    cargo/aircraft capacity
DE   destroyer escort           SU    supply units on board
SS   submarine                  IF    infantry units on board
TR   transport                  DM    damage percentage
TK   tanker                     MS    maximum speed
BBT  old battleship transport   CAP   combat air patrol
DMS  minesweeper                TF    task force


3.0 SEQUENCE OF PLAY
====================
BOMB ALLEY is designed to be a two-sided game: British vs. Axis.  The
Axis forces may be commanded by either a human or the computer.

3.1 Scenario Selection Phase:
----------------------------
During the scenario selection phase, the player(s) select a scenario
and determine the conditions under which the game will be played.  The
set-up may be changed by entering the following numbers:

 (1) New Game or Saved Game
 (2) Color TV or Black & White TV
 (3) Solitaire or two player
 (4) Solitaire level of difficulty (1-4)

The scenario may be altered by entering the following numbers:

 (5) Campaign (June 11 - Aug 31, 1942)
 (6) Pedestal (Aug 10 - Aug 15, 1942)
 (7) Crete (May 20 - May 31, 1941)

3.2 Historical Set-Up:
---------------------
At the start of each game, the computer will assign all ships,
aircraft, infantry and supplies to their historical locations prior to
the battle.

3.3 Daytime (AM) Sequence:
-------------------------
A. Axis TF Adjustment Phase
B. Axis Movement Phase
C. British TF Adjustment Phase
D. British Movement Phase
E. British Air Operations Phase
F. Axis Air Operations Phase
G. Combat Resolution Phase
H. Save Game Phase

3.4 Nighttime (PM) Sequence:
---------------------------
The PM sequence is the same as the AM sequence except steps E and F
are deleted.

3.5 Keep Time:
-------------
An AM turn followed by a PM turn equals one day.  The calendar is
adjusted at the end of the PM turn.


4.0 TASK FORCE ADJUSTMENT PHASE
===============================
At the start of the task force adjustment phase, the computer will
display a menu listing four options for adjusting your forces and
seven options for reviewing the status of your forces.  To enter the
desired routine, just press the corresponding numbered or lettered
key.

4.1 Forming Task Forces:
-----------------------
A. Enter the code for the port in which you will assemble your TF
   (I,G,A).

B. Enter the code for the mission your TF will perform.  See Section
   9.2 for a list of the possible missions.

C. The computer will list those ships in the selected port that are
   eligible to perform the selected mission.  Each ship will be
   displayed with its I.D.  number.

D. Assemble your TF by entering the desired ship numbers.  In some
   cases, the screen cannot list all of the eligible ships at once; if
   you do not see the ships that you want, press <RETURN> and another
   batch of ships can be listed.

E. When the computer prompts "CONTINUE SELECTION Y/N", press (N) if
   you are satisfied with your selection, or press (Y), and the
   computer will run through the list again.

4.2 Combining TFs:
-----------------
Two TFs occupying the same grid location may be combined in the
following manner:
A. Enter the number of the "gaining TF" and the "merging TF"
B. All ships in the "merging TF" will be added to the "gaining TF" and
   the "merging TF" will be deleted.
C. If the "merging TF" had a lower endurance than the "gaining TF",
   then the "gaining TF" will assume the lower endurance.
D. Submarine TFs may not combine with non-submarine TFs.

4.3 Dividing TFs:
----------------
A. Enter the number of the TF you wish to divide.  The computer will
   list the ships in the selected TF.  A ship with "***" printed after
   its name is crippled.

B. the Axis player is allowed 9 active TFs, the British player is
   allowed 11.  If you are currently using the maximum number of TFs,
   then the computer will display the message "TOO MANY ACTIVE TFs"
   and return to the menu.

C. Enter the number of the ships you wish to transfer to a new TF.
   The computer will set up a new TF for you.  The new TF will have
   the same mission and endurance as the original TF.

D. If you are currently using fewer than your maximum number of TFs,
   then the DIVIDE TF function may be used to "scuttle" crippled
   ships.  Just enter the letter "S" following the number of the ship
   you are transferring.  Your opponent will receive one less victory
   point for ships that are scuttled than would ordinarily be awarded
   for a ship sunk involuntarily. (Your crew is assumed to have been
   removed safely)

4.4 Loading Transports:
----------------------
Troops and supplies may be loaded onto ships which are located in a
friendly port (Italy, Gibraltar, Alexandria).

A. Use the LOAD TRANSPORTS - TRAIN CV PILOTS routine, enter the code
   for the port in which the loading is to take place.  The computer
   will list all eligible ships in that port with a cargo capcaity
   greater than zero.

B. Enter the number of the ship you wish to load and then enter the
   number of infantry companies and/or supply units you wish to load.
   Each infantry company represents 100 men.

C. If you wish to unload cargo while still in port, type a "U" in
   response to the question "number of infantry companies/supply units
   to be loaded?".  By typing a "U" the current cargo will be
   unloaded.

D. Only supply units may be loaded into tanker (TK) type ships.

4.5 Training Carrier Pilots:
---------------------------
To replace losses for depleted carrier air groups, land based aircraft
(pilots) must be trained for carrier operations.

A. Use the LOAD TRANSPORTS - TRAIN CV PILOTS routine.  Select the code
   for the port that is furnishing the aircraft for training.  The
   carrier must already be assigned to this port.

B. Enter the number of the carrier that is to receive the aircraft.

C. The computer will list all of the eligible aircraft available in
   the port.  Enter the quantity you wish to transfer.

D. the carrier will be taken out of circulation for two days while the
   "training" is being accomplished.

4.6 Checking the Pipeline:
-------------------------
Reinforcements and repaired ships will periodically be sent to ports
you control.  To check the status of these ships, you may wish to
request the current condition of your ship "pipeline".

A. Enter the code (I,G,A) for the port you wish to check.
B. The computer will list all ships currently in that port and all
   ships due to arrive there.
C. For ships in the repair, refit or reinforcement "pipeline", the
   computer will list the time in days before that ship can return or
   arrive.

4.7 Sunk Ships Display:
----------------------
The computer will list all ships that have been sunk and the points
awarded for their sunking.

4.8 Air Group Display:
---------------------
The computer will display the number of each type of aircraft assigned
to each friendly airbase or carrier that is active.

4.9 List Active TFs:
-------------------
A. The computer lists the TF number, mission, and endurance for each
   friendly TF currently active.

B. The computer will prompt "ENTER TF NUMBERS." If you wish to examine
   the ships in a particular TF, enter the TF number and <return>.  If
   you do not wish to examine a TF just press <return>.

4.10 Map Display:
----------------
The computer will display the map and all friendly active TFs.  If you
wish to locate a particular friendly TF on the map, enter that TFs
number.  The TFs square will flash to indicate its location.

4.11 Malta Status Display:
-------------------------
The computer will display the number of troops and supply dumps you
control on Malta.

4.12 Base Display:
-----------------
A. The computer will display the infantry companies, supply dumps,
   fighters, and bombers available at each friendly base.

B. The computer will prompt "REINFORCE AFRICA CORP Y/N" or "REINFORCE
   EIGHTH ARMY Y/N".

C. If you press (Y), the computer will ask which African base you wish
   to use as a reinforcement source.  Enter the desired base code.

D. The computer will ask you how many infantry companies, supply
   dumps, and aircraft of each type you wish to transfer.  To transfer
   from the base to the front lines, enter a positive number.  To
   transfer from the front back to the base, enter a negative number.
   If you do not wish to transfer a particular item, just press
   (RETURN).

E. When listing aircraft transfers, the computer will display two
   numbers, separated by a colon.  The first number is the quantity of
   the aircraft type at the source base.  the second number is the
   quantity of the aircraft type at the front.

F. When transfering supplies from a base to the front, part of the
   quantity transferred will be "consumed" in transit.  The percentage
   consumed will be equal to the distance from the base to the front
   divided by 100.

4.13 Ending the Game:
--------------------
Both players should agree before ending the game.  The computer will
display the final score.


5.0 TASK FORCE MOVEMENT
=======================
TFs move by expending movement points.  The number of movement points
a TF is allowed is dependent on the TFs "fleet speed".

5.1 Fleet Speed:
---------------
A. A TFs fleet speed is calculated as 25 knots or the speed of the
   slowest ship in the TF, whichever is lower.

B. the speed of a TF assigned a "T", "E" or "ES" mission (see 9.2)
   will be 30 knots or the speed of the slowest ship in the TF,
   whichever is lower.

5.2 Movement:
------------
A. A TF receives one movement point for each 2-1/2 knots of fleet
   speed, A TF will receive a minimum of three movement points.
B. A TF expends two movement points for each square moved in
   directions N, S, E, W.
C. A TF expends three movement points for each square moved in
   directions NW, NE, SW, SE.
D. A TF with fewer than two points remaining in its move, may not move
   any further, but it may still "dock".
E. If you accidently press the wrong key while moving, you may press
   the (A)bort key and start your move over.  This may not be done
   after you have docked a TF.
F. A TF may never enter a land square.  A TF may move freely through
   any other square.

5.3 Entering Harbor - Unloading Ships:
-------------------------------------
A. A TF that begins its move on a friendly base square may enter the
   harbor and unload cargo by pressing (9) for "dock".  If a TF begins
   its turn in harbor and wishes to remain there, the player must
   press (9).  If a TF begins its turn in harbor and wishes to exit
   the harbor while remaining on the base square, the player should
   press (0).

B. Each ship may unload a maximum of six infantry companies or three
   supply units or an equivalent combination of infantry and supply.
   Tankers may unload maximum of 6 supply points per turn.

C. While "in harbor" a TF may never be attacked by enemy ships or
   submarines.

D. While "in harbor" a TFs ships are more vulnerable to air attack,
   bomber accuracy is doubled when attacking ships "in harbor".

E. Axis ships may unload on Malta (amphibious assault).  Follow the
   procedure in A above.  Ships will unload infantry/supplies at a
   rate of 4/2 instead of 6/3.  Tankers will unload 2 supplies per
   turn.  When assaulting Matla, Axis ships will never enter the
   harbor.

F. Once Axis forces have captured Malta no British troops or supplies
   may be unloaded on Malta.

5.4 Movement Sequence:
---------------------
A. During the movement phase, TFs must be moved sequentially according
   to TF number.  Once a TF has completed its move, the action cannot
   be reversed.

B. A player may examine the ships in a TF at any time during the TFs
   movement segment.  Press the (S) ships key and the computer will
   give a complete status display for each ship in the TF.  The column
   heads for the display are explained in section 2.3.


6.0 PLANNING LAND ATTACKS
=========================
During the AM turns, the computer will display the number of troops
and supplies available on your African Front, and will ask the
question "DO YOU WISH TO ATTACK Y/N".

A. Enter the level of your attack (0-5); zero means no attack.

B. A level 1 attack is a reconnaissance in force and consumes one
   supply dump.  A level 5 attack is an all-out Blitz and will consume
   five supply dumps, etc.

C. If you wish to avoid combat, enter (R) to retreat, the front will
   shift one square (60 miles) away from the enemy.  Combat may still
   occur if the British retreat and the Axis employs a level 5 attack.


7.0 AIR OPERATIONS
==================
During the Air Operations Phase, a player may (1) launch CAP and
search aircraft, (2) observe search results, (3) launch air strikes,
(4) transfer aircraft.

7.1 CAP and Search Missions:
---------------------------
A. At the start of each Air Operations Phase, each player must
   determine how many of his fighters will fly CAP missions and how
   many of his bombers will fly search missions.  Aircraft performing
   CAP or search may not participate in air strikes or transfers
   during that turn.

B. Fighters may fly two types of CAP missions: (1) normal CAP, and (2)
   long- range CAP.  Normal CAP will protect any friendly TF within a
   five square range of the launching base or carrier.  CAP will never
   protect a friendly submarine task force.  Only a fraction of an air
   group performing long- range CAP will intercept an enemy air strike
   (the greater the distance between the CAP's home base and the
   airstrike target, the smaller the fraction).  The percentage of
   planes interrepting is as follows:

        Range to Target                 % of CAP Intercepting
               0                                 76
               1                                 43
               2                                 30
               3                                 23
               4                                 18
               5                                 15

C. Bombers may fly two types of search missions: (1) normal search,
   (2) submarine search.  Normal search missions can detect only enemy
   surface TFs.  Submarine search missions can detect only enemy
   submarines.

D. Each active airbase is equipped with ten float planes which
   automatically fly normal search missions every AM turn.  These
   planes fly independently (not in conjunction with searching bombers
   from the same airbase).  These float planes may never be destroyed.

E. Search ranges for aircraft are listed below:

   SWORDFISH    12      SM79    20      JU88    20
   BEAUFORT     20      DO17    20      JU87    10
   FLOAT PLANE  20

   Range is calculated as shown in section 1.4.
F. The maximum search range of a base or TF is equal to the search
   range of the lowest-range search plane.

7.2 Launching Air Strikes:
-------------------------
Enemy bases and enemy TFs sighted on the search results display may be
attacked by available friendly aircraft within range.

A. The computer will request a target for each friendly active
   airbase/carrier.  Type in the ID number of the enemy TF/base you
   wish to attack.  The computer will list the range to the target and
   ask you how many of each type of aircraft you want to launch.  The
   computer will not allow you to attack unsighted enemy TFs.  A
   player may launch a maximum of 20 airstrikes per AM turn.  Within
   this restriction there is no limit to the number of strikes that
   may be launched from a friendly carrier or airbase, or the number
   of strikes that may be launched against a single enemy TF or base.
   The first airstrike launched from a base will consume 1 supply
   dump; subsequent strikes launched from that base will not consume
   supplies.  The maximum range of an anti-ship airstrike is eight
   spaces.

B. The following bases may be attached by typing in the target numbers
   listed below:

   GIBRALTAR    1       ITALY     16      TRIPOLI      20
   ALEXANDRIA   2       SICILY    17      BENGHAZI     21
   MALTA        3       SARDINIA  18      ATHENS       16
   TOBRUK       4       CRETE     19      MOLAOI       17

C. The attack ranges for aircraft are listed below:

   SPITFIRE     5       SM79      10      DO17         10
   FULMAR       6       JU88      12      JU52         12
   ME109        5       JU87       5
   SWORDFISH    6       BEAUFORT  12

D. Spitfire, Fulmar, and ME109 aircraft may be included in airstrikes,
   but they may never attack enemy surface or submarine targets.  They
   function as escorts to protect the bombers and shoot down enemy
   CAP.

7.3 Aircraft Transfers:
----------------------
Aircraft may be transferred between airbases and/or carriers with the
following restrictions:

A. Only two air transfer missions may be performed each AM turn.
B. Aircraft may never transfer from an airbase to a carrier. (This
   requires pilot training, see paragraph 4.5).
C. For transfer purposes, aircraft have their range tripled.

7.4 Air Transport Operations:
----------------------------
The Axis player may transport troops or supplies between friendly
airbases by using the JU52 transport aircraft.

A. Whenever the JU52 aircraft is included in an air transfer mission
   (see 7.4), the computer will ask "TRANSPORT TROOPS OR SUPPLIES
   T/S".  Press (T) to transport infantry, press (S) to transport
   supplies; press (RETURN) if you do not wish to transport any cargo.

B. If the transfer range is less than five, then each JU52 may
   transport one infantry or 1/6 of a supply unit.  If the transfer
   range is greater than or equal to five, then each JU52 may
   transport 1/10 of an infantry company or 1/60 of a supply unit.

7.5 Airborne Assault:
--------------------
A. An Axis airborne assault will occur the first time during the game
   in which Sicily-based JU52s are included in an airstrike against
   Malta.  Each JU52 included in the strike will attempt to transfer
   one infantry company from Sicily to Malta.  If a JU52 is destroyed
   by a CAP or AA fire, an infantry company is also destroyed.

B. An airborne assault may only occur once during the game, after
   which JU52s may not be included in airstrikes.

7.6 Fighter Effectiveness:
-------------------------
The law of diminishing returns applies to both air combat over North
Africa and CAP interceptors.  That is, the effectiveness of each
additional fighter will decrease as the total fighters used increases.


8.0 COMBAT RESOLUTION
=====================
During the combat resolution phase, the computer will automatically
perform the following functions:

(1) Air Combat over Africa
(2) Air Strike Resolution
(3) Surface and Submarine Combat Resolution
(4) Return aircraft to their bases/carriers
(5) Resolve land combat
(6) Repair & Refit of ships
(7) Activate reinforcements

8.1 Air Combat over Africa:
--------------------------
Each AM turn, the Eighth Army based aircraft will exchange blows with
the Afrika Corps-based aircraft.  This occurs using the following
sequence:

A. Each Afrika Corps ME109 will engage an Eighth Army fighter/bomber.
   The type of aircraft engaged is determined randomly.

B. Each Eighth Army Spitfire will engage an Afrika Corps fighter or
   bomber.  The type of aircraft engaged is determined randomly.

C. Afrika Corps and Eighth Army bombers that survive air combat over
   Africa will perform ground support missions during the subsequent
   land combat phase.

D. In Air Combat over Africa the ME109 will enjoy a slight tactical
   advantage over the Spitfire (will shoot down enemy aircraft
   better).

8.1.1 Air Combat Over Malta:
---------------------------
Air combat over Malta occurs each AM turn in which Axis troops have a
foothold on Malta.

A. Air combat will follow the sequence listed below:

(1) Sicily-based long-range CAP will attack Malta-based bombers and
    fighters available for ground support missions.

(2) Malta-based long-range CAP will attack Sicily-based bombers and
    fighters available for ground support missions.

8.2 Air Strike Resolution:
-------------------------
Each air strike is resolved in three segments:

(1) CAP resolution, (2) Flak resolution, (3) Bomb or torpedo hit
resolution.

A. Before an air strike group can attack an enemy TF or base if must
   first survive the onslaught of each CAP fighter group protecting
   the target individual CAP fighters will randomly select a bomber or
   escort fighter target and attack it.  If the attack fails to shoot
   down the target aircraft, then the target aircraft will
   counterattack.  this sequence is repeated for each participating
   CAP fighter.

B. An example of CAP target selection is as follows:  If an air strike
   has 10 escort fighters and 20 bombers, then each CAP fighter will
   have a 33% chance of selecting an escort fighter for a target and a
   67% chance of selecting a bomber for a target.

C. The following table shows the chances for a CAP fighter to destroy
   each type of aircraft and the chances of a counterattack destroying
   the CAP fighter:

                        Aircraft                Aircraft Shoots
                       Shot Down                Down CAP Fighter
   ME109                  18%                          22%
   SPITFIRE               18%                          22%
   FULMAR                 18%                          22%
   SWORDFISH              39%                           1%
   BEAUFORT               32%                           8%
   SM79                   32%                           8%
   JU88                   32%                           8%
   JU87                   39%                           1%
   DO17                   32%                           8%
   JU52                   39%                           1%
   BOSTON                 32%                           8%

The odds for fighter combat may be changed in situations where the CAP
fighters greatly outhumber the escort fighters.  The CAP kill
percentage may be increased up to 25% and the escorts' kill percentage
reduced to as low as 15%.  the following aircraft are fighters: ME109,
SPITFIRE AND FULMAR.

D. Each bomber that survives CAP combat will select a target ship from
   those in the target TF and attempt to penetrate the TFs flak and
   deliver its ordnance.  Target selection is accomplished in the
   following manner, each ship is assigned a selection value (SV)
   equal to its defense factor plus five times its cargo/aircraft
   capacity; the chance of a particular ship being attacked is equal
   to the SV of that ship divided by the combined SV of the target TF.

E. The chance of a bomber being shot down by flak is equal to the TF
   flak strength, divided by 500.  The TF flak strength is equal to
   the combined AA ratings of all ships in the TF.  If there are more
   than 12 ships in the TF, then the TF flak strength is equal to the
   average AA ratings of the ships in the TF times 12.

F. The chance of bomber hitting its targets is affected by (1) bomber
   accuracy, (2) maximum speed of target, (3) flak intensity, (4)
   range of the strike, (5) size of the target.  The relative accuracy
   of each bomber is listed below:

   DO17         1       JU88       2       SWORDFISH       4*
   SM79         1*      BEAUFORT   2*      JU87            4

   * indicates torpedo ordnance

   All bombers are equally accurate when attacking enemy bases.  Air
   strikes against bases can only destroy parked aircraft or supply
   dumps.

G. the first air strike on any particular submarine will cause the
   submarine to submerge.  The act of submerging will protect the
   submarine from further air attacks during that turn.

8.3 Surface Combat Resolution:
-----------------------------
Surface combat may occur between opposing TF's that occupy the same
space if at least one of the TF's performing a combat patrol
mission (C) and endurance of a least 9.

A. Surface combat is resolved using the following sequence.

(1) each British ship in a TF performing a "C" mission will fire at
one of the ships from one of the Axis TFs in the same space, (2) each
Axis ship that occupies the same space as the attacking British TF
will fire at one of the ships from the attacking TF, (3) each Axis
ship in a TF performing a "C" mission will fire at one of the ships
from any British TF that occupies the same space; (4) each British
ship that occupies the same space as the attacking Axis TF will fire
at one ot the ships from the attacking TF.

B. Target selection for surface combat is similar to that used for air
attacks.  In surface combat, a ship's selection value is equal to that
ship's defense factor.

C. When attacking, each ship will (1) fire torpedoes, (2) fire main
guns, (3) fire secondary guns.  Ships carrying 12 or more torpedoes
will fire half of them at the target.  Ships carrying less than 12
torpedoes will fire all of them at the target.

D. The accuracy of gunfire and torpedoes is adjusted according to the
speed and size of the target.  Axis ships will suffer a major
disadvantage in surface combat that occurs at night.  There is a 67%
chance that an Axis ship will fail to locate a target at night.  This
rule does not apply to Axis MTBs.

E. The following restrictions apply during daylight surface combat:
(1) AA guns will not fire at ships with main guns; (2) torpedoes will
only be fired at crippled ships.  MTB's will fire torpedoes normally.

F. TRs, TKs, and CV type ships will never fire during surface combat.
A ship that picks a carrier as its target will only fire if it has a
speed greater than the carrier.

G. A TF performing an "MT" (Motor Torpedo Boat) mission will perform
exactly like a TF performing a "C" mission except that an "MT" TF may
initiate combat regardless of its endurance.

H. MTBs have their torpedo accuracy doubled at night MTBs may only be
damaged by enemy gunfire.  (Enemy aircraft will employ strafing
instead of bombs or torpedoes).

I. On PM turns, MTBs selected as targets will have a 50% chance of
evading the attack (the attacker ship will not fire).

J. Combat ships (BB,CA,CL,DD,DE,DMS,DML) that are loaded with supplies
will have their surface combat efficiency reduced.  There is a 50%
chance that loaded combat ships will be unable to fire at a target
during surface combat.


8.4 Submarine Combat:
--------------------
A. Submarines patrol an area up to two spaces away from their actual
TF location.

B. Each sub in a TF will have about a 12% chance of attacking an enemy
surface TF within its patrol area.  (Italian subs have a 1% chance).
Each sub in a TF will have less than 1% chance of attacking an enemy
sub TF within its patrol area.

C. The chance of engaging and torpedoing an enemy ship will be reduced
by the number of escorts (DD,DMS, DML,DE) present in the defending TF.

D. A sub that has been sighted by enemy sub search will have its
chance for successful attack reduced and its chance of being sunk by
"depth charge" increased.

E. When attacking submarines will fire a salvo of 4 torpedoes, or all
of their remaining torpedoes, whichever is less.

F. Italian submarine torpedoes will be only half as effective as
British and German torpedoes.

G. After a submarine launches an attack, escorts in the opposing TF
will attempt to locate and depth charge the sub.  Each escort in the
TF has a 15% chance of locating the sub for Italian escorts and a 30%
chance of locating the sub for British escorts.  Escorts that locate
the sub have a 1% chance of sinking it.


8.5 Aircraft Returning to Base:
------------------------------
A. After completing their missions aircraft will attempt to return to
the same base or carrier from which they were launched.

B. If launched from a carrier which received a 26% or more damage or
had its speed reduced below 15 knots, the aircraft will try to make an
"emergency" landing on another carrier or airbase.

C. Emergency landings will occur automatically if there is a friendly
base or carrier within 3 squares of the origin carrier.

D. If an emergency landing is required and there are no eligible bases
or carriers within 3 squares, then the aircraft will ditch in the
ocean.


8.6 Land Combat:
---------------
Land combat is automatic when Axis forces are present on Malta.  Land
combat in North Africa must be planned at the end of the previous
Movement Phase.

A. when Axis forces are present on Malta, they will automatically
launch a level 5 attack against the British Malta Garrison.  The Axis
force will consume 5 supply units in this attack, and the British
force will consume 1 supply unit if the Axis force does not have the
reuired supply units for thus level of attack, then Axis casualties
will be doubled.  If the British force does not have the required
supply unit, then the British defensive fire will be normal.  Due to
fortifications, British troops on Malta will suffer only 1/4
casualties.  the British garrison may surrender if it is attacked (but
do not expect this to happen unitl the British are greatly reduced in
strength).

B.  Land attack procedure is as follows: (1) defender forces open
fire, inflicting casualties on the attacker, (2) surviving attacker
forces inflict casualties on the defender.

C. As a general rule, the greater the attack level (1-5), the greater
the casualties on both sides.  Attacks made without adequate supplies
will suffer doubled casualties.  Defensive fire from an unsuppled
force will be half as effective.

D. In North Africa, Axis-controlled areas are colored yello,
British-controlled areas are colored orange.  the "front line" is the
junction of the yello and orange areas.  the front line will shift
east or west depending on the outcome of land combat in Africa.  When
the front line touches the Qattar Depression.  British defensive fire
will be increaded by 50%.  Germany defensive fire is always increased
by 50% in North Africa.

E. British forces will automatically capture  Benghazi when the fornt
line advances to the west of that base.  The British may never use
Benghazi as a base, but the Axis will be denied its use until the
front line is pushed back to the east of that base.

F. Axis forces will lay siege to tobruk when the front line advanced
to the east of that base.  When this state of "siege" exists, all
Afrika Corps.  attacks will be directed against the Tobruk Garrison
instead of the Eighth Army.  If the Tobruk Garrison is reduced to
zero, then the Axis will capture Tobruk and its supplies, and the
British will be denied its use as a base.  The Axis may not garrison
Tobruk or use it as a base.  The British will automatically recapture
Tobruk if the front line is pushed to the west of that base.  Any Axis
attack on Tobruk may result in the Garrison's immediate "surrender".
The surrender odds are determined by the ferocity of the Axis attack
compared to the strength of the Garrison.

G. the British Malta Garrison may have enhanced defensive fire
depending on their supply status.  For each supply unit on Malta the
effectiveness of their defensive fire will increase 20% up to 1
maximum of 300%.


8.7 Ground Support and Bombardent:
---------------------------------
The outcome of land combat may be affected by bombers performing
ground support missions and ships performing bombardment (B) missions.

A. Bombers will perform ground support missions under the following
circumstances; (1) bombers attached to the Eighth Army or Afrika Corps
will automatically perform ground support for their respective armies;
(2) Tobruk- based bombers may perform ground support when Tobruk is
under siege; (3) Malta- based bombers may perform ground support for
British Forces when combat occurs on Malta; (4) Sicily-based bombers
may perform ground support for Axis forces when combat occurs on
Malta; (5) ground support bombers may not perform search, strike, or
transfer missions during the turn in which the ground support is
provided.

B. Ships in Tfs with "B" missions will provide bombardment support for
friendly forces on Malta when they occupy the Malta square.

C. Bombardment points have the same effect as ground support points.
Each bomber provides 1 ground support point; Battleship main guns are
worth 5 bombardment points each; Cruiser main guns are worth 1
bombardment point each, all AA guns are worth 1/2 bombardment point
each.  A ship with 5% or more damage will not provide bombardment
support.

D. Bombardment/Ground Support has the following effect on Land Combat;
(1) each B/GS point will "suppress", on the average, 1/2 companies
worth of enemy defensive/offensive fire; (2) each B/GS point will add,
on the average, 2-1/2 companies worth of friendly offensive/defensive
fire.

E. The Afrika Korps or Eighth Army may never receive ground support
benefits on turns during which their supplies are inadequate for full
offensive or defensive fire.  The Afrika Korps and Eighth Army are
limited in the number of bombers that may provide ground support.  The
maximum support allowed each turn is equal to 3 x SUPPLY POINTS
AVAILABLE TO ARMY.  Thus, if the Afrika Korps has 50 supplies they
will only use up to 150 bombers as ground support (planes over the
limit are considered to have remained on their airfields).

F. British bombers in the 8th army will provide ground support at 50%
of normal effectiveness.

G. Axis ground support and bombardment provided for troops on Malta
will act at 25% effectiveness for the purposes of suppressing British
defensive fire (normal effectiveness in attack capabilities).


8.8 Advance After Combat:
------------------------
A. Following an Axis attack in North Africa the front line will
"advance" one space to the east if the Axis total combat strength
(TCS) is greater than the British TCS in North Africa.  Attacker TCS
is computed as follows:  (INF COMPANIES + GROUND SUPPORT POINTS x 2) x
ATTACK LEVEL.  Defender TCS is: (INF COMPANIES + GROUND SUPPORT POINTS
x 2) x 3.

B. Following a British attack in North Africa, the front line will
"advance" one space to the west if the British TCS is triple (not
double) or more the Axis TCS.

C. Advance after combat will only occur following a level 4 or level 5
attack.  Advance after combat will not occur following an inadequately
supplied attack.

D. The Qattar Depression is displayed on the map as a brown patch
located between Alexandria and Tobruk.  When the front line touches
the Qattar Depression, the following will occur; (1) to advance after
combat, the attacking Axis TCS must be triple or more the British TCS;
(2) the effects of British defensive fire will be doubled.


8.9 Repair and Refit of Ships:
-----------------------------
A. Damaged ships which docked during the previous movement phase are
placed in the Repair Pipeline.  Undamaged CV,BB,TR and SS type ships
will be placed in the Refit Pipeline.  Damaged CV,BB,TR,TK and SS type
ships must complete both Repair and Refit Pipeline functions before
they can be reactivated.  Refit time is four days.  A TF that docks
with an endurance remaining greater 30 will not be required to refit.
Transports and tankers must always refit.

B. Undamaged ships (other than those mentioned in paragraph A) which
docked during the previous movement phase, do NOT require Refit.
These ship may be placed in a TF with a full endurance during the next
TF adjustment phase.

C. The average number of turns needed for repair is equal to 9 x
damage points suffered.  The number of damage points suffered is equal
to the ship's defense factor x damage percentage.  Repair time for a
ship may be doubled with smaller ships having a greater chance of
lengthened repair time (There is a 71% chance that an average DD's
repair time will be doubled while and Italian BB has only a 6% chance
of requiring double repair time.)


8.10 Reinforcement Arrival:
--------------------------
Ship reinforcements will arrive on a day-to-day basis as scheduled on
the pipeline display.  Infantry, supply, and aircraft reinforcements
will be as follows:

 Option          Location         Inf Co         Supply      Splitfire
   (1)           Gibraltar           5             20           12
   (2)           Alexandria         45             30           18

 Option          Location        Swordfish      Beaufort      Boston
   (1)           Gibraltar           0              2            0
   (2)           Alexandria          0              0           18

 Option          Location         Inf Co         Supply        ME109
   (3)             Italy            10             25             9
   (4)             Italy             0             20             9

 Option          Location          SM79           JU88          Ju87
   (3)             Italy             0              6             3
   (4)             Italy             6              0             0


A. Each turn there is a 1/8 chance of arrival for each of the above
listed reinforcement options.

B. Boston Bombers arrive attached to the Eighth Army.

C. There is a 50% chance that the Pedestal Convoy reinforcements will
become available to the British player earlier then they were
historically (August 10th).  If they arrive earlier, then the Axis
player will receive 2 points for each day of earlier arrival.  This
rule applies only to the Campign game.

D. During the first week of the Campaign game the British are more
likely to receive reinforcements in Alexandria than they are later on.
During the second and third weeks of July the Germans are more likely
to receive reinforcements in Italy.


9.0 GENERAL OPERATIONS
======================

9.1 Damage to ships:
-------------------
Ships accrue damage "points" when they are hit by bombs, torpedoes or
gunfire.  When the total damage points are greater than or equal to
ship's defensive factor (DF), that ship will sink.  When total damage
points are greater than or equal to 50% of a ship's DF, that ship is
"crippled".

A. A table listing the average damage points caused by each type of
weapon is shown below:

 Light (AA) gun     0.5      BB main gun          7
 CL main gun        1        Bomb                 3
 CA main gun        2        Torpedo              5

B. Torpedo hits will reduce a ship's maximum speed by at least 5
knots.

C. Whenever a ship is hit, it may suffer additional damage due to a
critical hit.  The message "EXPLOSION ON BOARD ..." reveals that a
critical hit has been scored.

D. CV class ships with 26% or more damage or maximum speed less than
15 knots may not launch or land aircraft.  Note: This means that
carriers in TFs reduced to 5 knots due to zero endurance will not be
able to launch aircraft.

E. Crippled ships may accrue additional damage while returning to
port.  Major additional damage will be shown by the message "EXPLOSION
ON BOARD ..."  It is also possible for a ship to repair itself while
at sea.  Repairs will be attempted until a ship is no longer crippled.


9.2 TF Mission:
--------------
Listed below are the missions that may be assigned to a TF and the
endurance allowed for each mission:

        Mission                     Endurance
 C  - Combat Partrol              40 turns (20 days)
 B  - Bombardment                 40 turns
 T  - Transport                   40 turns
 E  - Evacuation                  40 turns
 ES - Emergency Supply            40 turns
 U  - Submarine                   60 turns
 MT - Motor Torpedo Boat           6 turns
 R  - Return                      NA

A. CV type ships may only perform "C" missions.

B. TR type ships may only perform "T" missions or "E" missions.

C. SS type ships may only perform "U" missions.

D. MTB type ships may only perform "MT" missions.

E. Only TFs with "C" or "MT" mission may initiate surface combat.  A
TF with a "C" mission may only initiate combat if its endurance is
greater than 8.

F. Surface combat may cause a Bombardment (B) TF to abort its mission.
Aborted bombardment TFs will have their mission changed to "R".

G. An evacuation (E) TF that loads troops during the movement phase
will have its mission changed to "T".  It may then unload these troops
at any base.  (Note: To load troops, an evacuation TF must begin its
move on a friendly base square - press (9) to dock and all transports
in the TF will automatically load friendly troops up to their
capacity).

H. All ships present in an evacuation TF will have the capacity to
transport troops.  Any ship with a cargo capacity of zero will have
its capacity increased at the moment it is placed in the "E" TF
(in-port only).  The adjusted cargo capacity will be equal to the
ship's DF divided by 6 (fractions dropped).

I. Emergency Supply missions may only be performed by ships with a
speed of at least 25 knots and a DF of at least 6.  Ships included in
an ES mission will be automatically loaded with supply units.  Ships
that normally have a capacity of zero will instead have a capacity
equal to their DF divided by 6 for ES missions only.  Ships in an ES
mission will only load up 1/5 of a supply point per supply capacity.
When the ships unload they will only unload 1/5 of a supply point per
point listed as its capacity.  Example: One CL with a DF of 23 and 4
DD's with a DF of 7 form an ES mission.  They will load (and unload) a
total of 2 supplies ((3+1+1+1+1)/5 rounded up), although the ships
will show that they are carrying 7 supplies.  ES missions may not
combine with non-ES missions.


9.3 TF Endurance:
----------------
A. A TFs endurance is reduced by one for each turn that it spends at
sea.  A TF that ends its move in a harbor will not have endurance
reduced.

B. A TFs endurance is reduced to 15 if the TF is attacked by enemy
bombers.  If the endurance is already less than 15, then it is
unaffected.  Transport and Evacuation TFs will never be reduced.

C. A carrier TFs endurance will be reduced by 5% for each airstrike
that it launches.

D. A Bombardment TF will have its endurance reduced by 10% for each
turn that it provides bombardment support.  If the endurance falls
below 9 due to this reduction then the TFs mission will be changed to
"R".  A bombardment group with endurance less than 9 may not provide
bombardment support.

E. Surface Combat reduces endurance as follows: The attacking TFs
endurance is reduced to 8 (if currently greater than 8) if the
defending TFs combined defensive factors multiplied by a random number
between 0 and 1 is greater than 25.  The defending TFs endurance is
reduced to 8 (if currently greater than 8) if the total attacker main
guns multiplied by a random number between 0 and 1 is greater than 15.
For these purposes, the MG of a battleship is multiplied by 4
(battleships will lend to scare off enemy TFs).

F. If a TFs endurance reaches zero and it fails to dock during that
turn, then all of its ships will have their maximum speed reduced to 5
knots.

G. Subs with zero endurance may not fire torpedoes.


9.4 Supply:
----------
Supply units are used for (1) Infantry daily supply; (2) land combat;
(3) Forming TFs; (4) performing air missions.

A. Bases and front line armies must spend daily supplies to maintain
their troops.  The daily supply cost for each base or army is equal to
the number of infantry companies divided by 150 fractions rounded up.
EXAMPLE: An army of 330 infantry companies must have 3 supply units
for daily supply (330/150 = 2.2, rounded up to 3).  Bases or armies
that have supply levels inadequate to meet daily supply requirements
will lose 1% of their infantry strength per day, fractions rounded up.
Gibraltar, Alexandria, Italy and Sicily are exempted from daily supply
requirements.

B. Supplies are consumed in land combat.  Land combat on Malta will
consume 5 Axis supply dumps and 1 British supply dump.  Attacker
forces in North Africa will consume 1 supply dump for each level of
attack while defender forces will consume 1 supply dump regardless of
the attack level.  Attacker casualties will be doubled when there is
inadequate supply for the level of attack.  Defensive fire will be
halved if the defending force does not have the required supply unit.

C. The major ports (Italy, Gibraltar and Alexandria) must have
adequate supplies to form ships into TFs.  The cost of placing a ship
in a TF is equal to 1/5 of that ship's DF (fractions rounded down).

Thus, an Italian Battleship requires 16 supply points (81/5 = 16.2 =
16) and a MTB requires 0 supply points (2/5 = 4 = 0).  If a port runs
out of supply points as you are forming a TF, then you will not be
allowed to place any more ships in that TF.

D. A TF that returns to port with an endurance greater than 20 will
return its unused "fuel" to the port.  The quantity of fuel (supply)
returned is equal to each ship's DF divided by 10 (fractions rounded
down).

E. Airbases consume 1 supply point for each airstrike launched.  CAP,
search and transfer  missions do not consume supply points.  If a
base's supply level falls below 3, then no air operations will be
permitted from that base.


9.5 Scoring:
-----------
A. Players receive victory points (VPs) for sinking enemy ships equal
to that ship's Defense Factor plus its cargo/aircraft capacity.
Players receive 1 VP for each damage point inflicted on an enemy ship
at sea at the end of the game.  Players also receive 1 VP for each
week a ship is out of action at the end of the game.  However, they do
not receive points for the first one week that a ship is out of action
at the end of a game.  (This allows time for refitting as opposed to
repair time).  In campaigns that end before August 10, no victory
points will be awarded for damaged ships in the pipeline.

B. The British Player received 1 VP for each infantry company in the
Eighth Army or Tobruk at the end of the game.  The Axis Player
receives 1 VP for each infantry company in the Afrika Corps at the end
of the game.

C. The players receive VPs for possession of geographical objectives.
The British Player receives points for controlling the followings:

 MALTA   - 500    ALEXANDRIA - 500   TOBRUK - 500    TRIPOLI - 500

The Axis players receives points for controlling the following:

 ALEXANDRIA - 1000   MALTA - 200   TOBRUK - 200

D. The game ends immediately if the Axis player captures Alexandria.
The game will end immediately if the British player captures Tripoli.
The game will automatically end after the August 31 PM turn.

E. The Current score is summarized at the beginning of each turn.

F. Subtract British VPs from the Axis VPs and compare the results to
the following table to determine the victor:

       1000 and up   Axis Decisive Victory
        500 to 999   Axis Substantive Victory
        100 to 499   Axis Marginal Victory
         -99 to 99   Draw
      -499 to -100   British Marginal Victory
      -999 to -500   British Substantive Victory
    -1000 and less   British Decisive Victory


9.6 Weather:
------------
There are three levels of weather: clear, partly cloudy, and cloudly.
The weather will be cloudy at the start of the campaign.

A. Weather will influence the ability to spot enemy TFs at ranges
greater than 1.5.  The chance of spotting TFs at ranges over 1.5 is
reduced by 1/3 during partly cloudly and 2/3 during cloudy weather.

B. There is a random chance each turn that the weather will change.
The weather is graduated such that in any one turn the weather should
not change from clear to cloudy, it would have to change to partly
cloudy before it could become cloudy.  The weather can change a
maximum of one level per turn.

C. There is a chance that airstrikes against enemy shipping will fail
to locate their targets.  Listed below are the "failure to locate"
chances for each range and weather type:

                           Range
                 2    3    4    5    6    7    8

Clear            4    6    8   10   12   14   16
Partly Cloudy   10   15   20   25   30   35   40
Clody           16   24   32   40   48   56   64

9.7 Airbase Capacity:
---------------------
The maximum aircraft capacity for each airbase is listed below:

Gibraltar          500            Italy         500
Alexandria         500            Sicily        500
Tobruk             200            Sardinia      500
Malta              300            Crete         500
Tripoli            500            Benghazi      100

A. The JU52s are ignored when computing the maximum allowed at an
airbase.


10.0 MINI-GAMES
===============
BOMB ALLEY includes 2 mini-games: Predestal and Crete.  Due to their
limited scope, each mini-game includes some special rules and
restrictions.

10.1 Pedestal Exclusive Rules:
------------------------------
Rules for the Pedestal mini-game are the same as those for the
Campaign, with the following exceptions:

A. Scoring: In addition to the scoring outlined in section 9.5
(Exception: No points are awarded for possession of geographical
objectives), the British player receives 10 VPs for each supply unit
on Malta at the end of the game.  The Axis player receives 5 VPs for
each supply unit controlled by the Afrika Corps and 1 VP for each
supply unit in Italy at the end of the game.  Players do not receive
points for geographical objectives in the Pedestal mini-game.  Also,
all VPs scored are doubled after the conclusion of the game.  Each
player receives 1 victory point per plane remaining all the end of the
game (not including JU52 aircraft).

B. The weather is clear at the start of the game.

10.2 Crete Exclusive Rules:
---------------------------
Rules for the Crete mini-game are the same as the rules for the
Campaign, with the following exceptions:

A. The Axis player may only form new TFs or dock TFs in Athens.  The
Axis player may operate aircraft from Athens (capacity = 500) and
Molaoi (capacity = 500).  The British airbase on Crete is #3.  The
British Airbase on Malta is #1.  The Axis player may operate aircraft
from Crete only after the Axis forces have captured an airfield on
that island.

B. An airborne assault will occur the first time during the game in
which Molaoi-based JU52s are included in an airstrike against Crete.
All rules discussed in section 7.6 apply here - simply change Sicily
to mean Molaoi and Malta to mean Crete.

C. The Axis forces will capture an aifield on Crete if following the
land combat phase the Axis Total Combat Strength (TCS) on Crete is
greater than the British TCS.  For this scenario the Axis TCS is equal
to INF COMPANIES + GROUND SUPPORT POINTS X RANDOM NUMBER (between 0
and 1), the British TCS is equal to INF COMPANIES + GROUND SUPPORT
POINTS X RANDOM NUMBER + SUPPLY UNITS.

D. The British forces may recapture an Axis-held airfield if following
the land combat phase the British TCS is ten or more times greater
than the Axis TCS.

E. If Axis forces begin a land combat phase on Crete, they must attack
the British Garrison.  The Axis player will consume 5 supply units in
this attack, the British player will consume 1 supply unit (see
section 8.6 C for the effects of inadequate supply).

F. Scoring Points awarded for sinking or damaging ships are the same
as in section 9.5 A.  If the Axis player controls an airfield on Crete
at the end of the game, then "Strategic Points" are awarded in the
following manner.  The Axis player scores 2 points for each infantry
company on Crete, the British player scores 1 point for each infantry
company in Alexandria (it pays for the British to evacuate his troops
if he loses the airfield).  If the Axis player does not control an
airfield on Crete at the end of the game, then Strategic Points are
awarded as follows: the British player scores 500 points plus 1 point
for each infantry company on Crete; the Axis player scores 1 point for
each infantry company in Athens.  (It pays for the Axis to evacuate
his troops from Crete if he will be unable to capture the airfield).

G. During this scenario only, the Axis player may use the AUTO-LOAD
TRANSPORTS function.  When employed, this function will automatically
load infantry into all eligible empty transports in Athens.  If you
wish some of the transports to carry supplies, they should be manually
loaded prior to using the AUTO-LOAD TRANSPORTS fucntion.

H. During this scenario only, the Axis player may use the AUTO-FORM TF
function.  When employed this function will automatically form all
eligible ships in Athens into one TF.  The mission for an AUTO FORM TF
must be "T" or "E".

I. Air Combat over Crete will occur each AM turn in which Axis troops
have a foothold on Malta.  The Air combat will follow the sequence
listed below:

(1) Molaoi-based long-range CAP will attack Crete-based bombers and
fighters available for ground support missions.

(2) Crete-based long-range CAP will attack Molaoi-based bombers and
fighters available for ground support missions.

(3) Crete-based long-range CAP will attack Athens-based bombers and
fighters available for ground support missions.


J. Only JU52 aircraft may be transferred to a captured German airbase
on Crete.

K. German transports do not have to refit after returning to ports.

L. The weather will be CLEAR at the start of the game.

M. Ground support/bombardment provided for forces on Crete will be
greatly reduced in effectiveness (and yet still quite powerful).

10.3 Mini-Game Duration:
------------------------
Mini-games will end after a specified number of turns.  Mini-game
durations are as follows: Pedestal - 12 turns, Crete - 24 turns.

10.4 Mini-Game Levels of Victory:
---------------------------------
The computer will automatically DOUBLE the points scored by each
player prior to computing the level of victory.  The adjusted point
totals may then be applied to the table in 9.5 F.


11.0 SOLITAIRE PLAY
===================
When playing solitaire games, the computer will command the British
Forces.

A. There are 4 levels of solitaire difficulty.  The level of difficuly
in determined at the start of the game.  At level 3, the British will
perform according to their historical accuracy.  As the level number
is decreased, the British bomber, torpedo, and gunfire accuracy will
increase.  These levels may be used to handicap a two-player game if
desired.

B. It is possible to start a game in solitaire mode, save it, and then
restart it as a two-player game.  To do this set the main menu to
two-player mode before restarting the saved game.

C. It is possible to save a two-player game and restart it as a
solitaire game when using the following restriction: All British TFs
must end the two player segment IN-PORT.

12.0 TWO-PLAYER GAMES
=====================
When using the two-player format, the following procedure should be
observed

A. While the Axis player is giving commands to his forces, the British
player should turn away or leave the room.

B. While the British player is giving commands to his forces, the Axis
player should turn away or leave the room.

C. During the combat resolution phase, both players should view the
results.


13.0 ORDER OF BATTLE
====================

CRETE SCENARIO
--------------

BASE         INFANTRY  SUPPLIES  AIRCRAFT        SHIPS

AXIS
ATHENS         6800      500       340
MOLAOI        11000      150       350
AT SEA         5000       13         0    2DE 63TR 11SS

BRITISH
ALEXANDRIA    10000      500         8    1CV 4BB 5CL 5CLAA 31DD 2DE
                                          1DME 6TR
CRETE         40000        5         0
TOBRUK            0       50         8
AT SEA            0        0         0    5MTB 6SS


PEDSTAL SCENARIO
----------------

AXIS
ITALY         20000      300        24    1BB 3CA 5CL 24DD 4DE 3TK 6TR
SICILY        15000       75       312
SARDINIA          0       30       132
CRETE             0       30        48
TRIPOLI           0       10        24
BENGHAZI          0        5        24
AFRIKA KORPS  90000       50       156
AT SEA            0        0         0    20MTB 19SS

BRITISH
GIBRALTAR      2000      300       172    4CV 2BB 3CL 4CLAA 23DD 7DE
                                          1DMS 1TK 13TR
ALEXANDRIA     2000      300        18
MALTA         15000       15       166
EIGHTH ARMY   90000      100       138
AT SEA            0        0         0    10SS


CAMPAIGN GAME
-------------

AXIS
ITALY         20000      500        24     2BB 4CA 5CL 25DD 3DE 20MTB
                                           5TK 25TR 36SS
SICILY        20000       75       332
SARDINIA          0       30       102
CRETE             0       30        72
TRIPOLI           0       10        54
BENGHAZI          0        5        66
AFRIKA KORPS  90000       50       180
AT SEA            0        0         0     21SS

BRITISH
GIBRALTAR      2000      900        78     5CV 3BB 4CL 4CLAA 31DD 10DE
                                           1DML 4DMS 2TK 18TR
ALEXANDRIA     2000      300        12     3CL 5CLAA 17DD 14DE 3DMS
                                           11TR 1BBT 11SS
MALTA         15000       40       153
TOBRUK        25000       20        66
EIGHTH ARMY   80000      100        96
AT SEA            0        0         0     10SS



14.0 SHIP DATA
==============

CAMPAIGN and PEDESTAL SCENARIOS
===============================

Axis Ships
----------
                           MG   AA   TT   MS   CC   DF   TF    ARV
 ITALY                      0   50    0   20  500    0   16      0
 SICILY                     0   50    0   20  500    0   17      0
 SARDINIA                   0   25    0   20  500    0   18      0
 CRETE                      0   25    0   20  500    0   19      0
 TRIPOLI                    0   20    0   20  500    0   20      0
 BENGHAZI                   0   10    0   20  100    0   21      0
 BB-LITTORIO                9   16    0   25    0   80   16      0
 BB-VITTORIO VENETO         9   16    0   25    0   80   16      0
 CL-EUGENIO DI SAVOIA       8    6    6   30    0   22   16      0
 CL-MONTECUCCOLI            8    6    4   30    0   20   16      0
 CA-GORIZIA                 8   12    0   30    0   26   16      0
 CA-TRIESTE                 8   12    8   30    0   24   16      0
 CA-BOLZANO                 8   12    8   30    0   25   16      0
 CL-ATIENDOLO               8    6    4   30    0   20   16      0
 CA-TRENTO                  8   12    8   30    0   24   16      0
 CL-GARIBALDI              10    8    6   30    0   23   16      0
 CL-DUCA D'AOSTA            8    6    6   30    0   22   16      0
 DD-ORIANI                  0    4    6   35    0    7   16      0
 DD-ASCARI                  0    4    6   35    0    7   16      0
 DD-GIOBERTI                0    4    6   35    0    7   16      0

                           MG   AA   TT   MS   CC   DF   TF    ARV
 DD-VIVALDI                 0    6    6   35    0    8   16      0
 DD-MALOCELLO               0    6    6   35    0    8   16      0
 DD-PREMUDA                 0    4    6   35    0    7   16      0
 DD-ZENO                    0    6    6   35    0    8   16      0
 DD-LEGIONARIO              0    5    6   35    0    8   16      0
 DD-FOLGORE                 0    4    6   35    0    7   16      0
 DD-FRECCIA                 0    4    6   35    0    7   16      0
 DD-SAETTA                  0    4    6   35    0    7   16      0
 DD-ALPINO                  0    4    6   35    0    7   16      0
 DD-BERSAGLIERE             0    4    6   35    0    7   16      0
 DD-PIGAFETTA               0    6    6   35    0    8   16      0
 DD-MITRAGLIERE             0    5    6   35    0    8   16      0
 DD-AVIERE                  0    4    6   35    0    7   16      0
 DD-GENIERE                 0    4    6   35    0    7   16      0
 DD-CAMICIA NERA            0    4    6   35    0    7   16      0
 DD-CORAZZIERE              0    4    6   35    0    7   16      0
 DD-CORSARO                 0    5    6   35    0    8   16      0
 DD-MAESTRALE               0    4    6   35    0    7   16      0
 DD-TURBINE                 0    4    6   35    0    7   16      0
 DD-GRECALE                 0    4    6   35    0    7   16      0

                           MG   AA   TT   MS   CC   DF   TF    ARV
 DD-FUCILIERE               0    4    6   35    0    7   16      0
 DD-STRALE                  0    4    6   35    0    7   16      0
 DE-CALLIOPE                0    3    4   25    0    6   16      0
 DE-ORSA                    0    2    0   25    0    7   16      0
 DE-PEGASO                  0    2    0   25    0    7   16      0
 MTB-S36                    0    1    2   40    0    2   16      0
 MTB-S54                    0    1    2   40    0    2   16      0
 MTB-S55                    0    1    2   40    0    2   16      0
 MTB-S56                    0    1    2   40    0    2   16      0
 MTB-S58                    0    1    2   40    0    2   16      0
 MTB-S59                    0    1    2   40    0    2   16      0
 MTB-S60                    0    1    2   40    0    2   16      0
 MTB-S30                    0    1    2   40    0    2   16      0
 MTB-MS16                   0    1    2   35    0    2   16      0
 MTB-MS22                   0    1    2   35    0    2   16      0
 MTB-MS31                   0    1    2   35    0    2   16      0
 MTB-MS23                   0    1    2   35    0    2   16      0
 MTB-MS25                   0    1    2   35    0    2   16      0
 MTB-MS26                   0    1    2   35    0    2   16      0
 MTB-MAS552                 0    1    2   40    0    2   16      0

                           MG   AA   TT   MS   CC   DF   TF    ARV
 MTB-MAS553                 0    1    2   40    0    2   16      0
 MTB-MAS554                 0    1    2   40    0    2   16      0
 MTB-MAS556                 0    1    2   40    0    2   16      0
 MTB-MAS557                 0    1    2   40    0    2   16      0
 MTB-MAS564                 0    1    2   40    0    2   16      0
 SS-U81                     0    0   16   10    0    7   22      0
 SS-U205                    0    0   16   10    0    7   23      0
 SS-U431                    0    0   22   10    0    7   23      0
 SS-U565                    0    0   22   10    0    7   23      0
 SS-U331                    0    0   22   10    0    7   16     11
 SS-U453                    0    0   22   10    0    7   23      0
 SS-U559                    0    0   22   10    0    7   22      0
 SS-U77                     0    0   16   10    0    7   23      0
 SS-U83                     0    0   16   10    0    7   22      0
 SS-U97                     0    0   16   10    0    7   22      0
 SS-U561                    0    0   22   10    0    7   22      0
 SS-U372                    0    0   22   10    0    7   22      0
 SS-U375                    0    0   22   10    0    7   23      0
 SS-U562                    0    0   22   10    0    7   23      0
 SS-U73                     0    0   16   10    0    7   16     11

                           MG   AA   TT   MS   CC   DF   TF    ARV
 SS-GALATEA                 0    0   12   10    0    6   23      0
 SS-NEREIDE                 0    0   12   10    0    6   16      0
 SS-ASTERIA                 0    0   10   10    0    7   16     10
 SS-PLATINO                 0    0   10   10    0    7   24      0
 SS-BEILUL                  0    0   12   10    0    6   16      0
 SS-MOCENIGO                0    0   16   10    0    7   16      0
 SS-OTARIA                  0    0   14   10    0    7   16   10.5
 SS-DESSIE                  0    0   12   10    0    6   16   10.5
 SS-BRIN                    0    0   14   10    0    7   16     11
 SS-MALACHITE               0    0   12   10    0    6   24      0
 SS-CORALLO                 0    0   12   10    0    6   16      0
 SS-ONDINA                  0    0   12   10    0    6   16      0
 SS-SIRENA                  0    0   12   10    0    6   22      0
 SS-ZAFFIRO                 0    0   12   10    0    6   24      0
 SS-VELELLA                 0    0   10   10    0    7   24      0
 SS-BRONZO                  0    0   10   10    0    7   16   10.5
 SS-EMO                     0    0   16   10    0    7   16   10.5
 SS-UARSCIEK                0    0   12   10    0    6   16     11
 SS-GIADA                   0    0   10   10    0    7   16     11
 SS-ACCIAIO                 0    0   10   10    0    7   24      0

                           MG   AA   TT   MS   CC   DF   TF    ARV
 SS-ALAGI                   0    0   12   10    0    6   16   10.5
 SS-ONICE                   0    0   12   10    0    6   16      0
 SS-ASCIANGHI               0    0   12   10    0    6   16   10.5
 SS-ARADAM                  0    0   12   10    0    6   16      0
 SS-AXUM                    0    0   12   10    0    6   16   10.5
 SS-MICCA                   0    0   10   10    0    7   24      0
 SS-ZOEA                    0    0    8   10    0    7   16      0
 SS-ATROPO                  0    0    8   10    0    7   16      0
 SS-PERLA                   0    0   12   10    0    6   16      0
 SS-DAGABUR                 0    0   12   10    0    6   16     11
 SS-BRAGADIN                0    0    6   10    0    6   16      0
 SS-SCIESA                  0    0   16   10    0    7   16      0
 SS-TOTI                    0    0   16   10    0    7   16      0
 SS-SANTAROSA               0    0   12   10    0    6   16      0
 SS-NARVALO                 0    0   12   10    0    6   16      0
 SS-CORRIDONI               0    0    6   10    0    6   16      0
 SS-DANOLO                  0    0   16   10    0    7   16   10.5
 SS-SCIRE                   0    0   12   10    0    6   16      0
 SS-VOLFRAMIO               0    0   10   10    0    7   16     11
 SS-GRANITO                 0    0   10   10    0    7   16   10.5

                           MG   AA   TT   MS   CC   DF   TF    ARV
 SS-AVORIO                  0    0    8   10    0    7   16   10.5
 SS-COBALTO                 0    0   10   10    0    7   16   10.5
 TK-GIULIANO                0    2    0   15   18   20   16      0
 TK-MANTOVANI               0    2    0   15   18   20   16      0
 TK-CORRADO                 0    2    0   15   18   20   16      5
 TK-SAGONA                  0    2    0   15   18   20   16     10
 TK-SAN ANDREA              0    2    0   15   18   20   16     15
 TR-CONTE ROSSO             0    1    0   30    8   20   16      0
 TR-MARCO POLO              0    1    0   30    8   20   16      0
 TR-NEPTUNIA                0    1    0   30    8   20   16      0
 TR-VULCANIA                0    1    0   30    8   20   16     10
 TR-OCEANIA                 0    1    0   30    8   20   16     25
 TR-ANKARA                  0    2    0   15    8   16   16      0
 TR-ANDREA GRILLI           0    2    0   15    8   16   16      0
 TR-BARBARO                 0    2    0   15    8   16   16      0
 TR-CAPO FARO               0    2    0   15    8   16   16     25
 TR-CAPO VITA               0    2    0   15    8   16   16     25
 TR-VERDE                   0    1    0   15    6   14   16      0
 TR-DUISBURG                0    1    0   15    6   14   16      0
 TR-MANARA                  0    1    0   15    6   14   16      0

                           MG   AA   TT   MS   CC   DF   TF    ARV
 TR-MONTELLO                0    1    0   15    6   14   16     10
 TR-NAPOLI                  0    1    0   15    6   14   16     25
 TR-OGADEN                  0    1    0   15    4   10   16      0
 TR-PADENNA                 0    1    0   15    4   10   16      0
 TR-PERSIANO                0    1    0   15    4   10   16      0
 TR-PREUSSEN                0    1    0   15    4   10   16      0
 TR-RUHR                    0    1    0   15    4   10   16      0
 TR-TEMBIEN                 0    1    0   15    4   10   16     10
 TR-WACHTFELS               0    1    0   15    4   10   16     10
 TR-ROSOLINO PILO           0    1    0   15    4   10   16     10
 TR-MARITZA                 0    1    0   15    4   10   16     25
 TR-BIANCHI                 0    1    0   15    4   10   16     25
 DE-ANTARES                 0    3    4   25    0    6   16 Pedesta
                                                            Scenari
                                                            Only


British Ships
-------------
                           MG   AA   TT   MS   CC   DF   TF    ARV
 GIBRALTAR                  0   50    0    0  500    0    1      0
 ALEXANDRIA                 0   50    0    0  500    0    2      0
 MALTA                      0   25    0    0  300    0    3      0
 TOBRUK                     0   20    0    0  200    0    4      0
 CV-EAGLE                   0    4    0   25   33   32    1    0.5
 CV-ARGUS                   0    6    0   20   20   20    1    0.5
 CV-VICTORIOUS              0   12    0   30   36   60    1     60
 CV-FURIOUS                 0   12    0   30   36   45    1     60
 CV-INDOMITABLE             0   16    0   30   56   60    1     60
 BB-MALAYA                  8   16    0   25    0   66    1    0.5
 BB-NELSON                  9   18    0   25    0   72    1     60
 BB-RODNEY                  9   18    0   25    0   72    1     60
 CLAA-CHARYBDIS             0   10    6   30    0   15    1    0.5
 CLAA-CAIRO                 0    8    0   30    0   13    1    0.5
 CL-KENYA                  12    8    6   30    0   20    1    0.5
 CL-LIVERPOOL              12    8    6   30    0   22    1      0
 CLAA-CLEOPATRA             0   10    6   30    0   15    2      0
 CLAA-DIDO                  0   10    6   30    0   15    2      0
 CLAA-HERMOINE              0   10    6   30    0   15    2      0
 CLAA-EURYALUS

                           MG   AA   TT   MS   CC   DF   TF    ARV
 CL-ARETHUSA                6    8    6   30    0   15    2      0
 CL-BIRMINGHAM             12    8    6   30    0   22    2      0
 CLAA-COVENTRY              0   10    0   30    0   13    2      0
 CL-NEWCASTLE              12    8    6   30    0   22    2      0
 CL-NIGERIA                12    8    6   30    0   20    1     60
 CL-MANCHESTER             12    8    6   30    0   22    1     60
 CLAA-PHOEBE                0   10    6   30    0   15    1     60
 CLAA-SIRIUS                0   10    6   30    0   15    1     60
 DD-HERO                    0    4    8   35    0    7    2      0
 DE-HURWORTH                0    6    0   25    0    6    2      0
 DE-ERIDGE                  0    6    0   25    0    6    2      0
 DD-PARTRIDGE               0    4    8   35    0    7    1      0
 DD-ITHURIEL                0    4    8   35    0    7    1    0.5
 DD-ANTELOPE                0    4    8   35    0    7    1    0.5
 DD-WISHART                 0    3    3   35    0    6    1    0.5
 DD-WESTCOTT                0    3    3   35    0    6    1    0.5
 DD-WRESTLER                0    3    3   35    0    6    1    0.5
 DD-VIDETTE                 0    3    3   35    0    6    1      0
 DE-GROVE                   0    6    0   25    0    6    2    4.5
 DE-BEDOUIN                 0    8    4   35    0    8    1      0

                           MG   AA   TT   MS   CC   DF   TF    ARV
 DD-MARNE                   0    6    8   35    0    8    1      0
 DD-MATCHLESS               0    6    8   35    0    8    1      0
 DE-BLANKNEY                0    6    0   25    0    6    1      0
 DE-MIDDLETON               0    6    0   25    0    6    1      0
 DE-BADSWORTH               0    4    0   25    0    6    1      0
 DD-KUJAWIAK                0    3    3   35    0    6    1      0
 DD-ONSLOW                  0    4    8   35    0    7    1      0
 DD-ICARUS                  0    4   10   35    0    7    1    0.5
 DD-ESCAPADE                0    4    8   35    0    7    1      0
 DD-FORTUNE                 0    4    8   35    0    7    2      0
 DD-GRIFFIN                 0    4    8   35    0    7    2      0
 DD-HOTSPUR                 0    4    8   35    0    7    2      0
 DE-DULVERTON               0    6    0   25    0    6    2      0
 DE-EXMOOR                  0    4    0   25    0    6    2      0
 DE-CROOME                  0    6    0   25    0    6    2      0
 DE-AIREDALE                0    4    0   25    0    6    2      0
 DE-BEAUFORT                0    6    0   25    0    6    2      0
 DE-TETCOTT                 0    6    0   25    0    6    2      0
 DE-ALDENHAM                0    4    0   25    0    6    2      0
 DD-NAPIER                  0    6   10   35    0    7    2      0

                           MG   AA   TT   MS   CC   DF   TF    ARV
 DD-NESTOR                  0    6   10   35    0    7    2      0
 DD-NIZAM                   0    6   10   35    0    7    2      0
 DD-NORMAN                  0    6   10   35    0    7    2      0
 DD-JERVIS                  0    6   10   35    0    7    2      0
 DD-KELVIN                  0    6   10   35    0    7    2      0
 DD-JAVELIN                 0    6   10   35    0    7    2      0
 DD-PAKENHAM                0    4    8   35    0    7    2      0
 DD-PALADIN                 0    4    8   35    0    7    2      0
 DD-INCONSTANT              0    4    8   35    0    7    2      0
 DD-SIKH                    0    8    4   35    0    8    2      0
 DD-SULU                    0    8    4   35    0    8    2      0
 DD-HASTY                   0    4    8   35    0    7    2      0
 DD-ASHANTI                 0    8    4   35    0    8    1     60
 DD-INTREPID                0    4   10   35    0    7    1     60
 DD-FORESIGHT               0    4    8   35    0    7    1     60
 DD-FURY                    0    4    8   35    0    7    1     60
 DD-PATHFINDER              0    4    8   35    0    7    1     60
 DD-PENN                    0    4    8   35    0    7    1     60
 DE-DERWENT                 0    4    0   25    0    6    1     60
 DE-BRAMHAM                 0    6    0   25    0    6    1     60

                           MG   AA   TT   MS   CC   DF   TF    ARV
 DE-BICESTER                0    6    0   25    0    6    1     60
 DE-LEDBURY                 0    6    0   25    0    6    1     60
 DD-LAFOREY                 0    6    8   35    0    8    1     60
 DD-LIGHTNING               0    6    8   35    0    8    1     60
 DD-LOOKOUT                 0    6    8   35    0    8    1     60
 DD-QUENTIN                 0    4    8   35    0    7    1     60
 DD-ESKIMO                  0    8    4   35    0    8    1     60
 DD-TARTAR                  0    8    4   35    0    8    1     60
 DD-VANSITTART              0    3    3   35    0    6    1     60
 DD-ZETLAND                 0    6    0   25    0    6    1     60
 DE-WILTON                  0    6    0   25    0    6    1     60
 DD-KEPPEL                  0    2    6   35    0    7    1     60
 DD-MALCOLM                 0    2    3   35    0    7    1     60
 DD-WOLVERINE               0    3    3   35    0    6    1     60
 DD-VENOMOUS                0    3    3   35    0    6    1     60
 DMS-HEBE                   0    2    0   15    1    6    1      0
 DMS-SPEEDY                 0    2    0   15    1    6    1      0
 DMS-RYE                    0    1    0   15    1    6    1      0
 DMS-HYTHE                  0    1    0   15    1    6    1      0
 DMS-BOSTON                 0    1    0   15    0    6    2      0

                           MG   AA   TT   MS   CC   DF   TF    ARV
 DMS-SEAHAM                 0    1    0   15    0    6    2      0
 DMS-PARKTOWN               0    1    0   15    0    6    2    4.5
 DML-WELSHMAN               0    6    0   40    2    9    1    2.5
 DE-COLTSFOOT               0    1    0   15    0    6    1      0
 DE-DELPHINIUM              0    1    0   15    0    6    2      0
 DE-PRIMULA                 0    1    0   15    0    6    2      0
 DE-ERICA                   0    1    0   15    0    6    2      0
 DE-SNAPDRAGON              0    1    0   15    0    6    2      0
 SS-TURBULENT               0    0   22   10    0    6    2     60
 SS-THRASHER                0    0   22   10    0    6    5      0
 SS-PROTEUS                 0    0   16   15    0    6    5      0
 SS-THORN                   0    0   22   10    0    6    5      0
 SS-TAKU                    0    0   20   10    0    6    5      0
 SS-PORPOISE                0    0   12   10    0    6    5      0
 SS-UNA                     0    0    8   10    0    6    2      0
 SS-UPRIGHT                 0    0    8   10    0    6    2    4.5
 SS-PARTHIAN                0    0   16   15    0    6    2    4.5
 SS-REGENT                  0    0   16   15    0    6    2    4.5
 SS-RORQUAL                 0    0   12   10    0    6    2    4.5
 SS-CACHALOT                0    0   12   10    0    6    2    4.5

                           MG   AA   TT   MS   CC   DF   TF    ARV
 SS-UNBEATEN                0    0    8   10    0    6    2     60
 SS-UNBROKEN                0    0    8   10    0    6    6      0
 SS-SAFARI                  0    0   12   10    0    6    6      0
 SS-UPROAR                  0    0    8   10    0    6    2    4.5
 SS-ULTIMATUM               0    0    8   10    0    6    2    4.5
 SS-UNISON                  0    0    8   10    0    6    6      0
 SS-UNRUFFLED               0    0    8   10    0    6    6      0
 SS-UMBRA                   0    0    8   10    0    6    6      0
 SS-UNITED                  0    0    8   10    0    6    2     60
 TK-KENTUCKY                0    2    0   15   18   20    1      0
 TK-OHIO                    0    2    0   15   18   20    1     60
 TR-TROILUS                 0    1    0   15    6   14    1      0
 TR-BURDWAN                 0    1    0   15    4   10    1      0
 TR-CHANT                   0    1    0   15    4   10    1      0
 TR-TANIMBAR                0    1    0   15    6   14    1      0
 TR-ORARI                   0    2    0   15    8   16    1      0
 TR-C.O. PRETORIA           0    1    0   15    6   14    2      0
 TR-BHUTAN                  0    1    0   15    4   10    2      0
 TR-POTARO                  0    1    0   15    4   10    2      0
 TR-C.O. CALCUTTA           0    1    0   15    6   14    2      0

                           MG   AA   TT   MS   CC   DF   TF    ARV
 TR-BULKOIL                 0    1    0   15    6   14    2      0
 TR-REMBRANDT               0    1    0   15    6   14    2      0
 TR-AAGTEKERK               0    1    0   15    4   10    2      0
 TR-C.O. EDINBURGH          0    1    0   15    6   14    2      0
 TR-C.O. LINCOLN            0    1    0   15    6   14    2      0
 TR-ELIZABETH BAKKE         0    1    0   15    6   14    2      0
 TR-AJAX                    0    1    0   15    6   14    2      0
 TR-DEUCALION               0    1    0   15    6   14    1     60
 TR-EMPIRE HOPE             0    2    0   15    8   16    1     60
 TR-GLENORCHY               0    1    0   15    6   14    1     60
 TR-BRISBANE STAR           0    2    0   15    8   16    1     60
 TR-CLAN FEGUSON            0    1    0   15    6   14    1     60
 TR-ROCHESTER CASTLE        0    1    0   15    6   14    1     60
 TR-SANTA ELISA             0    1    0   15    6   14    1     60
 TR-ALMERIA LYKES           0    1    0   15    6   14    1     60
 TR-WAIRANGI                0    2    0   15    8   16    1     60
 TR-DORSET                  0    2    0   15    8   16    1     60
 TR-PORT CHALMERS           0    1    0   15    6   14    1     60
 TR-MELBOURNE STAR          0    1    0   15    6   14    1     60
 TR-WAIMARAMA               0    2    0   15    8   16    1     60

 BBT-CENTURION              0    2    0   20    4   50    2      0


CRETE SCENARIO
==============

AXIS SHIPS
----------
                           MG   AA   TT   MS   CC   DF   TF    ARV
 ATHENS                     0   80    0    0  500    0   16      0
 MOLAOI                     0   40    0    0  500    0   17      0
 CRETE                      0   40    0    0  500    0   17      2
 DE-LUPO                    0    3    4   25    0    6   23      0
 DE-SAGITTARIO              0    3    4   25    0    6   24      0
 SS-TRICHECO                0    0   16   10    0    7   22      0
 SS-UARSCIEK                0    0   12   10    0    6   22      0
 SS-FISALIA                 0    0   12   10    0    6   22      0
 SS-TOPAZIO                 0    0   12   10    0    6   22      0
 SS-ADUA                    0    0   12   10    0    6   22      0
 SS-DESSIE                  0    0   12   10    0    6   22      0
 SS-MALACHITE               0    0   12   10    0    6   22      0
 SS-SQUALO                  0    0   16   10    0    7   22      0
 SS-SMERALDO                0    0   12   10    0    6   22      0
 SS-NEREIDE                 0    0   12   10    0    6   22      0
 SS-SIRENA                  0    0   12   10    0    6   22      0
 TR-K241                    0    1    0    5    1    2   23      0

                           MG   AA   TT   MS   CC   DF   TF    ARV
 TR-K242                    0    1    0    5    1    2   23      0
 TR-K243                    0    1    0    5    1    2   23      0
 TR-K244                    0    1    0    5    1    2   23      0
 TR-K245                    0    1    0    5    1    2   23      0
 TR-K246                    0    1    0    5    1    2   23      0
 TR-K247                    0    1    0    5    1    2   23      0
 TR-K248                    0    1    0    5    1    2   23      0
 TR-K249                    0    1    0    5    1    2   23      0
 TR-K250                    0    1    0    5    1    2   23      0
 TR-K251                    0    1    0    5    1    2   23      0
 TR-K252                    0    1    0    5    1    2   23      0
 TR-K253                    0    1    0    5    1    2   23      0
 TR-K254                    0    1    0    5    1    2   23      0
 TR-K255                    0    1    0    5    1    2   23      0
 TR-K256                    0    1    0    5    1    2   23      0
 TR-K257                    0    1    0    5    1    2   23      0
 TR-K258                    0    1    0    5    1    2   23      0
 TR-K259                    0    1    0    5    1    2   23      0
 TR-K260                    0    1    0    5    1    2   23      0
 TR-K261                    0    1    0    5    1    2   23      0

                           MG   AA   TT   MS   CC   DF   TF    ARV
 TR-K262                    0    1    0    5    1    2   23      0
 TR-K263                    0    1    0    5    1    2   23      0
 TR-K264                    0    1    0    5    1    2   23      0
 TR-K265                    0    1    0    5    1    2   23      0
 TR-K266                    0    1    0    5    1    2   24      0
 TR-K267                    0    1    0    5    1    2   24      0
 TR-K268                    0    1    0    5    1    2   24      0
 TR-K269                    0    1    0    5    1    2   24      0
 TR-K270                    0    1    0    5    1    2   24      0
 TR-K271                    0    1    0    5    1    2   24      0
 TR-K272                    0    1    0    5    1    2   24      0
 TR-K273                    0    1    0    5    1    2   24      0
 TR-K274                    0    1    0    5    1    2   24      0
 TR-K275                    0    1    0    5    1    2   24      0
 TR-K276                    0    1    0    5    1    2   24      0
 TR-K277                    0    1    0    5    1    2   24      0
 TR-K278                    0    1    0    5    1    2   24      0
 TR-K279                    0    1    0    5    1    2   24      0
 TR-K280                    0    1    0    5    1    2   24      0
 TR-K281                    0    1    0    5    1    2   24      0

                           MG   AA   TT   MS   CC   DF   TF    ARV
 TR-K282                    0    1    0    5    1    2   24      0
 TR-K283                    0    1    0    5    1    2   24      0
 TR-K284                    0    1    0    5    1    2   24      0
 TR-K285                    0    1    0    5    1    2   24      0
 TR-K286                    0    1    0    5    1    2   24      0
 TR-K287                    0    1    0    5    1    2   24      0
 TR-K288                    0    1    0    5    1    2   24      0
 TR-K289                    0    1    0    5    1    2   24      0
 TR-K290                    0    1    0    5    1    2   24      0
 TR-K291                    0    1    0    5    1    2   24      0
 TR-K292                    0    1    0    5    1    2   24      0
 TR-K293                    0    1    0    5    1    2   24      0
 TR-K294                    0    1    0    5    1    2   24      0
 TR-K295                    0    1    0    5    1    2   24      0
 TR-K296                    0    1    0    5    1    2   24      0
 TR-K297                    0    1    0    5    1    2   24      0
 TR-K298                    0    1    0    5    1    2   24      0
 TR-K299                    0    1    0    5    1    2   24      0
 TR-K300                    0    1    0    5    1    2   24      0
 TR-K301                    0    1    0    5    1    2   24      0


                           MG   AA   TT   MS   CC   DF   TF    ARV
 TR-K302                    0    1    0    5    1    2   24      0
 TR-K303                    0    1    0    5    1    2   24      0


British Ships
-------------
                           MG   AA   TT   MS   CC   DF   TF    ARV
 MALTA                      0   40    0    0  500   99    1      0
 ALEXANDRIA                 0   80    0    0  500   99    2      0
 CRETE                      0   10    0    0  500   99    3      0
 TOBRUK                     0   40    0    0  500   99    4      0
 CV-FORMIDABLE              0   12    0   30   36   45    2      2
 BB-BARHAM                  8   16    0   25    0   66    2      0
 BB-WARSPITE                8   16    0   25    0   66    2      0
 BB-VALIANT                 8   16    0   25    0   66    2      0
 BB-QUEEN ELIZABETH         8   16    0   25    0   66    2      0
 CL-CLOUCESTER             12    8    6   30    0   22    2      0
 CL-FIJI                   12    8    6   30    0   20    2      0
 CL-AJAX                    8    4    8   30    0   16    2      0
 CLAA-DIDO                  0   10    6   30    0   15    2      0
 CL-ORION                   8    4    8   30    0   16    2      0
 CL-PERTH                   8    4    8   30    0   16    2      0
 CLAA-NAIAD                 0   10    6   30    0   15    2      0
 CLAA-PHOEBE                0   10    6   30    0   15    2      0
 CLAA-CALCUTTA              0    8    0   30    0   13    2      0
 CLAA-CARLISLE              0    8    0   30    0   13    2      0
 DD-NAPIER                  0    6   10   35    0    7    2      0

                           MG   AA   TT   MS   CC   DF   TF    ARV
 DD-NIZAM                   0    6   10   35    0    7    2      0
 DD-KANDAHAR                0    6   10   35    0    7    2      0
 DD-KELVIN                  0    6   10   35    0    7    2      0
 DD-KIPLING                 0    6   10   35    0    7    2      0
 DD-KINGSTON                0    6   10   35    0    7    2      0
 DD-KIMBERLEY               0    6   10   35    0    7    2      0
 DD-KELLY                   0    6   10   35    0    7    2      0
 DD-NUBIAN                  0    8    4   35    0    8    2      0
 DD-JUNO                    0    6   10   35    0    7    2      0
 DD-JANUS                   0    6   10   35    0    7    2      0
 DD-JERVIS                  0    6   10   35    0    7    2      0
 DD-JACKAL                  0    6   10   35    0    7    2      0
 DD-ISIS                    0    4    8   35    0    7    2      0
 DD-IMPERIAL                0    4    8   35    0    7    2      0
 DD-ILEX                    0    4    8   35    0    7    2      0
 DD-HERO                    0    4    8   35    0    7    2      0
 DD-HOTSPUR                 0    4    8   35    0    7    2      0
 DD-HEREWARD                0    4    8   35    0    7    2      0
 DD-HASTY                   0    4    8   35    0    7    2      0
 DD-HAVOCK                  0    4    8   35    0    7    2      0

                           MG   AA   TT   MS   CC   DF   TF    ARV
 DD-GRIFFIN                 0    4    8   35    0    7    2      0
 DD-GREYHOUND               0    4    8   35    0    7    2      0
 DD-DECOY                   0    4    8   35    0    7    2      0
 DD-DEFENDER                0    4    8   35    0    7    2      0
 DD-STUART                  0    2    6   35    0    7    2      0
 DD-VOYAGER                 0    2    6   35    0    7    2      0
 DD-VENDETTA                0    2    6   35    0    7    2      0
 DD-WATERHEN                0    2    6   35    0    7    2      0
 DE-AUCKLAND                0    8    0   20    0    6    2      0
 DE-FLAMINGO                0    6    0   20    0    6    2      0
 DD-KASHMIR                 0    6   10   35    0    7    2      0
 DD-JAGUAR                  0    6   10   35    0    7    2      0
 MTB-67                     0    1    2   35    0    2    5      0
 MTB-213                    0    1    2   35    0    2    5      0
 MTB-214                    0    1    2   35    0    2    5      0
 MTB-216                    0    1    2   35    0    2    5      0
 MTB-217                    0    1    2   35    0    2    5      0
 DML-ABDIEL                 0    6    0   40    2    9    2      0
 SS-URGE                    0    0    8   10    0    6    6      0
 SS-UPHOLDER                0    0    8   10    0    6    6      0

                           MG   AA   TT   MS   CC   DF   TF    ARV
 SS-TETRARCH                0    0   20   10    0    6    6      0
 SS-RORQUAL                 0    0   12   10    0    6    6      0
 SS-REGENT                  0    0   16   15    0    6    6      0
 SS-TRUANT                  0    0   20   10    0    6    6      0
 TR-CLAN CAMPBELL           0    1    0   15    6   14    2      0
 TR-CLAN CHATTAN            0    1    0   15    6   14    2      0
 TR-CLAN LAMONT             0    1    0   15    6   14    2      0
 TR-GLENEARN                0    2    0   15    8   16    2      0
 TR-GLENGYLE                0    2    0   15    8   16    2      0
 TR-GLENROY                 0    2    0   15    8   16    2      0


15.0 STRATEGY NOTES
===================

AXIS STRATEGY
-------------
Axis strategy should aim for the eventual collapse of Alexandria as
this is the only likely means of achieving a decisive victory.  There
are three basic approaches to the Alexandria strategy: (1) Ignore
Malta and commit all Axis resources towards an immediate North African
blitzkrieg; (2) Suppress Malta (destroy all supplies and aircraft)
through continuous air attack prior to launching the North African
offensive; (3) Capture Malta through airborne and amphibious assault
prior to launching the North African offensive.

SUPPRESSING MALTA
-----------------
Suppressing Malta is a two-phase operation that requires (1) the
reduction of Malta's fighter strength and (2) the destruction of
Malta's supplies.  Phase 1 can be accomplished by launching Sicily and
Tripoli-based fighter sweeps to attrition the Spitfires down to a
manageables level.  The sweeps should include enough ME109s to equal
or outnumber Malta's Spitfires and no more than a handful of bombers.

In Phase 2 of the suppression the Axis player can launch formations of
100 or more bombers to attack Malta's supply dumps.  These attacks
should include a substantial fighter escort as long as Malta can put
Spitfires in the air.  When supplies have been reduced below 3.
Malta's aircraft will be unable to fly and may be destroyed on the
ground.  Suppression of Malta will usually require 2 to 3 weeks and a
loss to the Axis of approximately 100 fighters and 40 bombers.  Malta
will recover quickly from the suppression unless the Axis is
successful in its blockade.

THE BLOCKADE
------------
The Axis player has a powerful mix of air, submarine, MTB and heavy
surface units available to blockade Malta.  With proper coordination
and a little luck the Axis forces can devastate even the best
protected of British convoys.

Axis air and submarine forces must be divided to guard both the
eastern and western approaches to Malta.  Bombers based in Sardinia
and Crete are positioned to take early shots at the British convoys.
British ships slowed by damage near the start of their journey have
almost no chance of reaching Malta.  Bombers based in Sicily or
Tripoli can guard both the eastern and western approaches to Malta but
they often take frightful losses from Malta-based CAP.  Sicily and
Tripoli-based bombers usually inflict their greatest damage after the
British transports have unloaded their cargo.

Axis submarines should be positioned in the areas south of Crete and
south of Sardinia.  These submarines will be well-positioned to pounce
on ships crippled by air attacks.  The submarine TFs should contain
6-10 subs with at least 2 U-boats included.  Although their numbers
are impressive, the Italian submarines will usually perform poorly.

The Axis forces are guaranteed one shot at the British convoys before
they enter Malta's harbor.  The Axis player should form two surface
TFs: one containing all available BB, CA, CL and DD units and one
containing all available MTB units.  The heavy surface TF should seek
combat only during daylight turns.  The MTB force should only seek
combat during night turns.  The point of interception is the Malta
square as all British TFs must stop there before entering the harbor.

SUPPLYING THE AFRIKA KORPS
--------------------------
Supplying the Afrika Korps will require weekly convoys from Italy to
Africa.  The Afrika Korps consumes about 40 supply dumps a week when
doing nothing and 75 supply dumps a week during an all-out offensive.
The Axis may air-transport 21 supply dumps per week into Africa.

The Axis player can usually achieve victory in the first month if the
flow of supplies into Africa is unrestricted.  To achieve the
unrestricted flow of supplies the Axis player must suppress Malta.
The suppression of Malta requires the transfer of vital air strength
out of the Afrika Korps, which makes it costly to suppress Malta and
attack in North Africa at the same time.

The Axis player is confronted with the same strategic decisions that
confronted Hitler, Mussolini and Rommel in the summber of 1942:
Immediately pursue the weakened Eighth Army and possibly break through
to Alexandria ?  Suppress Malta first to take the pressure off the
supply convoys ?  Attempt to capture Malta and secure the supply line
once and for all ?

AXIS SUPPLY CONVOYS
-------------------
Axis supply convoys should contain approximately 2 CLs, 10 DDs, 2 DEs
and all available TRs and TKs.  Transport space should not be wasted
with infantry since infantry can be flown into Africa in sufficient
quantities.

Tripoli is usually the safest of destination harbor for the supply
convoys; the route is shorter and almost entirely within range of
Sicily or Tripoli CAP.  Benghazi is closer to the front line so fewer
supplies will be consumed in transit.  Also, due to its greater
distance from Malta, Benghazi harbor may be a safer place to unload
the cargo.

ASSAULT ON MALTA
----------------
The assault on Malta should be a combined airborne and amphibious
operation.  The amphibious TF should plot a "T" mission and contain
all available transports loaded with 50% troops and 50% supplies.  The
screen for the amphibious force should be the same as for an Axis
supply convoy.  The Axis should also include for this operation a
bombardment TF consisting of all remaining BB, CA, CL and DD units.

The Axis paratroops should be dropped on the same turn that the
amphibious TF unloads on Malta.  As long as opposition remains on
Malta the Sicily-based bombers should restrict their anti-ship and
anti-base missions to ensure adequate ground support for the assault.
The bombardment force should loiter in the Malta square until its
endurance falls below 9.  The assault will be successful if the
following condition are met: (1) the Malta garrison remains
unsupplied; (2) the assault force is kept in supply; (3) Axis
bombardment and ground support are continuous and heavy.

BRITISH STRATEGY
----------------
The British hold Alexandria at all cost; failure to do this will
probably result in an Axis decisive victory.  The best way to stop the
Axis in Africa is to maintain a potent air force on Malta.  To remain
effective as a base.  Malta must receive periodic air reinforcements
and supplies.  After the Axis caputres Tobruk the British may no
longer fly reinforcements directly from a base into Malta.  Spitfires
may be flown from aircraft carriers into Malta if the carriers are
within 15 spaces of Malta.

BRITISH SUPPLY CONVOYS
----------------------
British supply convoys to Malta will lose 60-100% of their
participating transport.  Convoy operations are so costly that the
British can only afford 2 or 3 of them per campaign game.  Convoy
operations should employ all available transports and escorts.
Carrier TFs may be used to escort the convoys and provide fighter
cover.  The carriers should only be used for cover when 3 or more of
them are available.

EMERGENCY SUPPLY MISSIONS
-------------------------
When supplies run low on Malta and there are not enough transports to
send a normal supply convoy, the British must use cruisers and
destroyers on an emergency supply mission.  An "ES" TF should contain
about 4 cruisers and 8 destroyers.  The British have enough ships to
send 3 or 4 emergency supply TFs at once.

ASSAULT ON MALTA - BRITISH REACTION
-----------------------------------
When the Axis paratroopers land on Malta the British may perform the
following actions to thwart the invasion: (1) resupply Malta with "ES"
missions ; (2) send Combat TFs to intercept the Axis bombardment TFs;
(3) send British bombardment TFs to support the Malta garrison.

A successful "ES" mission is the surest way to defeat the invasion; a
supplied British garrison will inflict heavy casualties on the
attackers.  The bombardment effect of the two Axis TF battleships is
equal to 90 ground support bombers; therefore it may be desirable to
use a Combat Patrol TF to engage Axis bombardment forces and send them
home.  The British should only send a bombardment TF if one or more
battleships are available.  The British player should not hesitate to
commit the bulk of his fleet in reaction to the Axis invasion.
Although the loss in ships will be high, the Axis cannot effectively
attack all of them at once.  The flak density of the pure combat TFs
(as opposed to transport TFs) will inflict heavy casualties on the
attacking bombers and distract them from their ground support role.

ATTACKING AXIS SUPPLY CONVOYS
-----------------------------
The Swordfish and Beauforts based on Malta are the hub of the British
anti-shipping force.  These valuable aircraft are best employed
against Axis supply convoys.  They should be used sparingly against
high CAP or flak density targets.  The British should maintain 2 or 3
submarine TFs in the central Mediterranean at all times.  A good place
to pounce on an Axis convoy is near the entrance to a North African
harbor.  Ships torpedoed off the African coast will seldom make it
back to Italy.

At least once during the game the British player should attempt to
intercept an Axis convoy with a surface combat TF.  It is possible for
the British to form a cruiser-destroyer force in Alexandria or
Gibraltar and send it to the central Mediterranean.  Such a force
could remain in Malta harbor during the day (under a powerful CAP
umbrella) and prowl the Axis shipping lanes of night.


16.0 CREDITS
============

Game Design and Programming - Gary Grigsby
Game Development - Joel Billings
Historical Commentary - Robert S. Billings
Customized Disc Operating System - Roland Gustafsson


17.0 HISTORICAL COMMENTARY
     MALTA: ROCK IN A HARD PLACE
     By Robert S. Billings
================================

On the 21st of June, 1942, General Erwin Rommel had achieved the
victory for which his Afrika Korps had been fighting in the desert for
many long months.  Tobruk had at last fallen to his lightning assault.
And with Tobruk captured, the dream of an advance to the British naval
base at Alexandria, and even to Cairo and the Suez Canal beyond, had
suddenly ceased to be a desert mirage and had become a reality
awaiting merely a leader hold enough to bring it to fruition.

The desert war, with its armored joustings, its hundreds of tanks and
vehicles racing across the blazing sands up and down the North African
coast in attacks and retreats lasting for hundreds of miles, had
always been a war of supply.  for those hundreds of tanks and vehicles
seemed always mad with thirst - for petrol and ammunition, for
replacement tanks and vehicles, for provisions for the men for whom
these "brazen chariots" had become master, slave, and often enough,
blazing coffin as well.  With all the glamor of racing maneuver and
tactical skill, victory most often came down to a simple matter of
supply - the winner was whoever could replace destroyed tanks first
and keep them fueled for maneuver.  Now, with the sudden capture of
Tobruk, a veritable cornucopia of supply had been opened to the Desert
Fox.

The capture came so unexpectedly that there had been no time for the
British to destroy the vast storehouse of supplies they had
accumulated there.  Now it was all Rommel's the glory, the 30,000
prisoners, the 1400 tons of petrol, the replacement vehicles (2,000 of
them), the ammunition (German as well as British).

It was these supplies, in addition to the state of his troops (flushed
with a clear-cut victory that has sent the British Eighth Army
seampering back into Egypt) which could make the General's dream
possible - a final victory in the desert to crown the glorious
victories that had just won him promotion to Field Marshal.  It was
all waiting - but it would require, be felt, a leader of boldness and
vision who would take the gambit, who would not shrink from another
spin of battle's wheel of fortune.

Mussolini, of course could stop him.  The Italian dictator, in nominal
command of the war in North Africa, could insist Rommel stick to the
original plan: first the brilliant desert victory, driving the British
back to Egypt; then a shift of emphasis, direction, and air support to
the little clean-up job that had been waiting now for years.  Malta! A
small piece of real estate in the middle of the Mediterranean.  A
chunk of rock overlaid with soil a few miles off the coast of Sicily,
closer to Italy than Africa, intimidated by hundreds of bombings,
starving and unprovisioned, nearly ready, so far as the Axis leaders
could tell, to surrender.  Hitler and Mussolini had met on April 30
and set July 10 as D-Day for the final assault on that impodent little
patch of diet.  That was now hardly more than two weeks away.  There
would be just time - If Rommel would call a halt to his operations and
shift all his air power and other needed forces toward Malta.  But
that should not be.  Here Rommel was poised on the final leg of a
march that could virtually eliminate the British from the Middle East.
Should such an opportunity be lost for a minor operation against a
small island now ready to fall - and no earthly good to the British
anyway, once his victorious panzers were clanking through the streets
of Cairo and lining the banks of the Suez Canal ?  Unmindful of his
earlier warnings concerning the need for eliminating Malta.  Rommel
sat down and composed a message to be sent, not to his immediate
Italian commander, but to Hitler himself.  Mussolini would not dare to
insist if the Fuehrer himself decided to change the time schedule and
let one of his favorite commanders push on to Alexandria, the great
British base, just a few miles away.

Thus are made, in the rush of the moment and by the advice of eager,
egoridden battle commanders, decisions to come back later to haunt
first the commanders themselves, and later the historians and
strategists poring over the documents and endlessly wondering "What
if .. ?"

To fully understand the events of that crucial summer of 1942 in the
Mediterranean, one must be aware of the geography of the area and the
history of the war in that theater.  The Mediterranean was first of
all a long naval battlefield with British power clustered at only
three points in the west end at Gibraltar, where Naval Force it was
stationed; in the east at the fine harbor at Alexandria, not far from
Cairo; and, finally, in one small island.  Malta, nearly midway (both
east-west and north-south) in the Mediterranean.  Dwarfed by the
neighboring island of Sicily, Malta could launch, at the beginning of
the war, torpedo planes to range over a two-hundred-mile circle in the
precise area where transports and supplies would have to pass should
they take the shortest route from Italy to North Africa.  And with the
increase in the range of torpedo planes, this circle kept expanding
until, by the end of 1942, it was eight hundred miles in diameter and
covered all of Sicily, much of Italy, Sardima, and North Africa, and
even touched the western coast of Greece.  By this point in the war,
then it was almost literally impossible for an Axis convoy to sail to
North Africa without passing through this circle - without spending,
in fact, the largest portion of its voyage within it.

But of course that worked two ways.  Malta itself was extremely
vulnerable to attack - especially to waves of airplanes attacking from
the many airfields to Sicily.  Whenever German airpower began
operations against it, the island's use as an offensive base quickly
diminished, and life on Malta was forced to become a life underground.
And if it was to remain a point of British power, it had to be
supplied regularly with fuel and ammunition for the submarines, the
planes, the ships and the anti-aircraft batteries based there.

Malta's fortunes had risen and fallen with the British fortunes of war
in the theater as a whole.  When the power of the British navy seemed
in rule supreme on the Mediterranean.  Malta could be well-provisioned
and used as an offensive base for deadly air raids, submarine attacks,
and even surface-ship battles; but when the Axis air power increased
and its army faced along the North African coast toward a beekoning
Egypt, the ships had to leave, the submarines had to sneak in for rest
and repair at night and remain submerged during the day, the planes so
laboriously brought in were often destroyed on the ground before
getting a chance at the enemy.

For the war in North Africa had indeed been a wildly shifting one.  At
first italy had seemed to have the far superior force overshadowing
the puny British force of 30,000 men under General Wavell in Egypt.
Yet the Italian force turned out to be a paper tiger, despite its vast
numbers.  Early in December, 1940, General Wavell's troops attacked.
He had fewer than 225 thanks, far fewer than the Italians, but of far
better quality.  And in just two months his troops had advanced nearly
600 miles, defeating the Italians and chasing them past Bardia,
Tobruk, Derna, and even Benghazi.  His small force had captured
130,000 men and 400 tanks at an astonishingly low total cost of 2,000
British casualities.

Just a month before, the British navy had had its own glorious
victory.  On November 11 the carrier ILLUSTRIOUS had sailed from
Alexandria with 24 Swordfish torpedo planes.  On the night of November
11-12, 170 miles from the base at Taranto where the Italian
battleships were moored, the first of two flights of planes took off
carrying torpedoes, bombs, and illuminating flares.  At 2300 the first
flares were dropped over the Italian fleet, and the planes maneuvered
between barrage-balloon cables and dove in to drop their bombs and
torpedoes.  All aircraft except two had returned to the carrier by
0250.  They had left behind three Italian battleships sunk; one out of
action for the entire war, and two more that could not be raised and
repaired for six months.

These were heady days for the Royal Navy, for the British Army, and
for Malta.  A year that had begun with defeat in Europe, had passed
through the bombings of London and the Specter of a German invasion,
had finally ended in a glow of triumph.  But events were to slow it
was a temporary glow only.

Hitler had decided that he would have to go to the relief of his over-
extended partner, who not only had lost an army in North Africa, but
had decided to invade Greece as well - with no more success.  So the
Tenth Air Fleet of the Luftwaffe was sent to Sicily.  And the bold
tank commander who had led the way across France, General Erwin
Rommel, was dispatched, with the beginnings of what was to become the
Afrika Korps, to take command on the North African coast.  And on
March 31, 1941, he struck.

Wavell, never possessing much actual strength had meanwhile lost most
of what he had possessed.  He had been asked to send a large part of
his best troops including armor, to greece to stop an expected German
invasion there.  Most of his supply vehicles had been cannilbalized in
this attempt, and he was left with nothing to do but retreat -
especially when confronted with an audacious commander of great
tactical skill.  In a very short time the formerly triumphant British
army was racing back toward Egypt, losing tanks as they ran out of gas
and managing to held Tobruk only by leaving a strong garrison there
among its vast assembled stores.

And then the blow fell on Greece.  In three weeks German troops had
overrun the entire country, forcing the British soldiers to leave much
of their armor and vehicles behind as they gathered on the beaches for
a desperate rescue by the hard-pressed Royal Navy.  The British troops
and armor which might have served so well in Africa, had done
absolutely no good in Greece.  And after a German paratroop attack on
Crete had succeeded, there was nothing to show for the whole
disastrous spring except huge losses in the Royal Navy for its
desperate attempts to save the remnants of the stranded expeditionary
force.

During these early days of the war.  Malta had established itself as
an important part of the British effort by its continued use as a base
for attacks on convoys and shipping proceeding from Italy to Africa.
Despite its own initial lack of preparedness in defense, especially in
numbers of planes, it was able to continue servicing and repairing the
submarines sent out to prey on both merchant and naval ships; its
docks could be used for repair of surface vessels and even serve part
of the time, as base for a smaller force of the Royal Navy.  But
although from the beginning Churchill himself had recognized Malta's
importance for the British strategic plan, there was such a need for
planes in England that for a time only a carefully measured few could
be sent to the center of the Mediterranean.  Nevertheless, as the war
progressed, greater and greater efforts were made to fill this
desperate need.  A relatively safe means to deliver these planes was
worked out with carriers loading their decks with planes to be carried
part way from Gibraltar, launched before passing through the narrow
strip of water between Sicily and North Africa, and flown to the
island under their own power.

Thus, although in April of 1941 the pounding of Malta from the air had
so neutralized the island's offensive potential that only two per cent
of the Axis supply shipping was sunk, and Rommel's force had been able
to reach Africa intact, every time the air attacks eased up.  Malta
would once again make itself felt.  By November of 1941, when the
British were busy readying a new offensive against Rommel, the losses
inflicted on both supply and naval ships of the Axis could not be
ignored by the frustrated dictators.

On the night of November 7-8, for example, an Axis enemy of seen
merchant ships on route for Africa and guarded by cruisers and
destroyers was intercepted by Force K (the surface ships based on
Malta) which not only destroyed all seve, but a destroyer as well.
And a second destroyer was sent down with a torpedo from a British
submarine.  On November 20 th same force attacked the escort of
another convoy, torpedoing a cruiser and causing the entire convoy to
be ordered back to port before it could be completely destroyed.  Four
days later the same Malta-based Force K intercepted another convoy and
sank two ships.  In fact, when the enraged Mussolini saw the total
figures for the month, he saw that 70% of all his supply ships sent
out had been destroyed.  And it was clear that little Malta was
perhaps more than any other single cause, responsible for these
tremendous losses.

Due to large part to this great loss of supplies intended for Rommel,
the British left they had gained enough advantage to take the
offensive in the desert lighting.  The British army had had the
advantage of a long but relatively safe supply route - around South
Africa and up through the Red Sea and the Suez Canal.  Rommel himself
was planning a new offensive, and when the two forces came together
the tricks of the Desert Fox, while effective, could not counter the
tremendous difference in supplies, and consequently the British
finally relieved the siege of Tobruk and forced Rommel to withdraw by
January of 1942 to Ei Agheila.  For a brief moment it seemed that the
British had reconquered all their losses, shown their superiority to
the great German tank commander, and reasserted British power
throughout the whole Mediterranean.  But this time, too, the great
hopes quickly dissipated like a fading desert mirage.

Hitler and Mussolini had now both learned their lesson, it appeared,
concerning Malta and the supply situation in the Mediterranean.
Hitler, in a directive dated November 17, 1944, made clear his
intentions for Malta.  Field Marshal Kesselring was made
Commander-in-Chief South, he would be provided with an entire new Air
Fleet II from the Russian front, and he would be expected to
"suppress" Malta as well as take control of the Central Mediterranean
Sea.

Meanwhile, despite the good news of the North African campaign, the
British navy was suffering a series of disasters.  On 13 November a
submarine torpedoed and sank the carrier ARK ROYAL 90 miles from
Gibraltar.  On the 25th another submarine dove under the screening
vessels and put torpedoes into the battleship HARHAM, which sank
within ten minutes.  And then on the 21st of December, all three
cruisers of the Malta force ran into mines - one cruiser and an
accompanying destroyer went down; the other two cruisers were badly
damaged and had to be taken out of action.  And this happened just a
day after six brave Italians had maneuvered three piloted torpedoes
into the Alexandria harbor and altered the entire naval situation in
the Mediterranean by sinking the two remaining battleships there
(QUEEN ELIZABETH and VALIANT).  Thus, in the eastern Mediterranean,
the British were left with no carriers, no battleships, and only three
light cruisers as "heavy" ships.  The entire naval struggle in the
area now would have to fall on destroyers and submarines alone.  And
although the two British battleships had been sunk in shallow water,
it would be a very long time before either could be raised and
repaired.  So desperate was their situation that the British tried to
conceal the forces - but by late January they had become generally
known.

The supply situation for the Axis began to change immediately.
Shortly after an affair called the "First Battle of Sirte."  Mussolini
had complained to Hitler that although the Italians had managed to get
four supply ships through to North Africa, they had had to use 100,000
tons of warships to protect 20,000 tons of supply ships.  It had been
tremeadously costly in fuel for such an armada to protect only four
ships, and shortage of fuel was one of the big reasons the larger
Italian ships had thus far been seldom used in combat operations.  But
now with the increased attention to Malta, and the weakened position
of the British Navy in the area, the Axis shipping losses began to
decline dramatically.  And by the beginning of April, Kesselring was
ready with even stronger medicine for Malta.

With 2,000 planes under his command, the Field Marshal determined to
completely devastate the small island with nearly continuous bombing
raids.  During one month alone his planes dropped 6,700 tons of bombs,
concentrating most of it on the harbor installations.  Those ships
that could get out had to leave.  Those that could not, could not stay
afloat long - destroyers, mine- layers, submarines were sunk with
relative ease.  The entire island, even the city streets, was
becomming a mass of debris.  And by his target date of May 10,
Kesselring felt the island had indeed been "suppressed."  To finish it
off, an airborne invasion, supported by a naval landing was planned -
first for June, but later postponed until July.

By this time Rommel had broken loose again.  In late January in
fifteen days he had pushed all the way back to El Gazala, not far from
Tobruk.  There receiving supplies regularly now (in January not a
single supply ship had been lost), he could rest and prepare for his
next step.

Malta itself had received four supply ships in January; after that
another attempt had been made to run a convoy in, but all the supply
ships had been sunk.  From that point on there had been virtually
nothing.  All supplies were running low, and even provisions to keep
the population from starving had strunk so far that the leaders were
beginning to count the number of weeks they could continue.  Malta
could do almost nothing to prevent what was about to happen in Africa.

During the evening of May 26th, the Afrika Korps gathered its forces
for the assault; the next morning they attacked.  There followed the
lighting success described at the beginning of this account - and by
June 21st Tobruk, with its storehouse of supplies, was Rommel's nearly
intact, and he was anxious to continue the battle straight to
Alexandria.

This was one of those moments of decision that strategists hope for
and at the same time dread.  One can rarely do everthing one wants to
do on all fronts.  Choices must be made.  There are never "enough"
resources.  The decision whatever it is, must lake from one operation
to give to another.  And the "leader" must choose which Peter is to be
robbed to pay which Paul.

Malta had been effectively suppressed for months - yet some Axis
commanders felt it must be eliminated by invasion if the supply
situation in North Africa was not to be continually endanagered.  The
troops, the planes, the ships had already been committed for that
invasion and they were ready or gathering.  The plans had been made,
the day set.  The Italian Navy, starved for fuel by Hitler during the
course of the war (their only fuel supplies came from the German
Fuehrer) was at last about to be given a major role and the capability
to carry it out.  The German planes were also committed.  They could
eaily be pulled from supporting Rommel and shifted north the few miles
necessary.  A brief, perhaps costly campaign, and then it would be
over, and never again would the Axis be faced with the inability to
supply their African troops - all because of that dirt-covered rock in
the Mediterranean.

Was that the way to go ?

But there was Rommel, breaking loose and racing nearly all the way to
Alexandria.  One more little push, while the great commander and his
desert troops were high from their remarkable successes.  Perhaps that
would be just the amount necessary to lead to a breakthrough - a
British rout to Alexandria and out into the open again.  And then
British power would be truly broken.  They might defend their "tight
little island." but their great empire in the Middle East would topple
like nine-pins.

Hitler was indeed between a rock and a hard place.

But that little voice of reason-blinded-by-hope spoke up: if you give
everything to Rommel, he can break the back of British resistance.
And then the whole strategic situation will change.  There will be
another route to the Caucasus oil, another last-minute disastrous
pull-out for what will be left of the British troops.  And this time
they will be too far away to be brought home on sailboats and private
yachts.  They will all be in the bag.

Hitler did not hesitate.  It would be Rommel.  All supplies available
would be rushed to him.  The enthusiastic commander would be given his
head.  Malta would have to wait.  If Rommel could do what he had said
he could, Malta wouldn't matter.  It was nearly starved out, anyway.

And so the word was rushed to Rommel.  He could attack, finish his
enemy off.  He would be supported, troops and planes diverted to him
as necessary.  Mussolini had agreed.  What else could be do ?  Without
Hitler's help, he didn't even have oil to fuel his fleet.  Besides,
the Duce would like to go to Africa in triumph when the British
finally were humiliated and their place taken by the Italians - and
Mussolini himself.

Rommel's attack at first succeeded as he had expected.  By June 27th
he was at El Alamein, where the British had stopped their retreat and
establish a defensive position.  Alexandria was hardly 60 miles away.
So close - and yet, as events would soon prove, so very far.

The Field Marshal did not pause but immediately attempted an attack on
the British positions.  Yet his exhausted forces could not break
through.  Then, on July 3rd, he tried again, throwing everything he
could into the attack.  Once again it failed.  Finally, facing the
fact that he would have to await reserves and reinforcements before
crossing those crucial 60 miles, Rommel went on the defensive.

Rommel called for his reinforcements.  They were sent - among them,
airborne regiments from Sicily, where they had been waiting to take
part to the planned invasion of Malta.  The die had been truly cast;
Malta would no longer be considered to have priority.  Rommel's
operations must take precedence.

Meanwhile, Malta had been having a change of fortune also.  Knocked to
her knees in the terrible six weeks of air bombardment in April and
May, she had begun to recover even while the bombardment was on.  The
day before its formal lifting on May 10, 60 Spitfires had been flown
in to Malta from the decks of the British carrier EAGLE and the
American WASP.  Other planes had been flown in by the same method
earlier, but the island had not been well prepared to receive them and
many had been destroyed on the ground.

This time the islanders were ready.  Some of the planes were in the
air within 35 minutes after landing, taking part in the defense
against the bombing raid in progress.  (The result was 12 attacking
German planes lost for only 3 spitfires.)  No longer could German
planes fly in at will and make the citizens suffer with no hope of
making the attackers pay.  More Spitfires were coming in all the time.
And when, in July, the Axis decided that the bombing of Malta must be
resumed, that island was already sufficiently every bomb he dropped.
The July "suppression" turned out to be a flop.

but there were other problems on Malta.  It could not be restored as
an offensive base until it could be supplied more regularly.  After
devastating losses in the early spring, the British had decided to
call off further supply convoys until they could be better protected
from the air.  Yet supplies were so low that something had to be done
if the island was not to surrender.  It was decided, therefore, to
make a desperate double attempt to run the gauntlet again - from both
ends of the Mediterranean at the same time.

The plan was in send from Alexandria a convoy of ten supply ships,
esorted by seven cruisers and almost three times that many destroyers
(as noted above, there were no longer any serviceable battleships or
carriers left in the Alexandria fleet).  At the same time a convoy,
including six supply ships, would be sent from Gilbraltar.  There
would be an escort of cruisers and destroyers for this group also;
furthermore, they would be covered by Force H, a group of heavier
ships which would include two carriers and a battleship.

The Italians placed priority on destroying the convoy from Alexandria.
Thus they dispatched two battleships, four cruisers and three whole
divisions of destroyers to attack it; in addition, they concentrated
heavy air attacks against it.  Ninety planes attacked it on June 14,
sinking one supply ship and damaging another.  On the 15th the losses
began to pile up.  One cruiser was sunk by a motor torpedo boat, and a
destoyer went down from a submarine's torpedo.  Shortly after, a
second cruiser was hit and damaged.  At this point the commander
learned of the heavy Italian surface fleet ahead of him.  He quickly
pulled back and asked for air attacks to even the unbalanced odds
against his force.  Although a battleship was hit and damaged in these
attacks, it was able to proceed in the action against the convoy.  One
cruiser was damaged enough to be taken out of the action and was later
sunk by a submarine.  Yet Axis planes returned to renew their attack
and two British destroyers were sunk.  Warship losses were piling up,
anti-aircraft ammunition was running low, and the large Italian
surface fleet had not yet been encountered.  The convoy commander
decided he would have to cut his losses and return to Alexandria.
Thus, not one supply ship from this convoy made it through to the
nearly starving Malta.

The convoy coming from the west was also having heavy slogging.  Air
attacks on the 13th and 14th had been nearly continuous, but only one
cruiser had been forced to drop out to return for repairs.  On the
evening of the 15th the heavier ships of Force H turned back to
Bibraltar as they were accustomed to do when reaching the narrow
waters between Sicily and Tunisia.  The convoy would have to run the
rest of the way with only one light cruiser and nine destroyers as
escort and yet they had to face another Italian surface fleet -
smaller than the one sent east, but still much superior to the small
British force.

On the morning of the 15th, the Italian ships made contact and
immediately attacked.  The British warships gamely advanced to meet
the threat, sending the vulnerable supply ships away to the southwest.
The action between the surface warships was almost foreordained.  One
British destroyer was sunk and another damaged before they could turn
away.  Nevertheless, the supply ships had been temporarily saved.
They were soon to be attacked by aircraft, however, and three more of
the cargo ships went down.

What was left of the convoy finally arrived at Malta after dark - but
there was more loss to come.  Running into a minefield, one destroyer
was sunk and two more, along with a minesweeper and a supply ship were
damaged.

The end result of all these losses from two separate convoys,
therefore, was the arrival in Malta of only two supply ships.
Nevertheless, so great was the need for supplies on Malta that even
this slight success was significant.  For it enabled the island to
stretch out for a few more weeks the day on which it would be forced
to surrender, if more supplies could not be obtained.  So as it turned
out, this "Italian victory" was, in a strategic sense, rather a
victory for the British.

Malta was indeed reviving.  First had come the Spitfires flown in from
the American and British carriers.  By July 12th the channel had been
cleared of mines and submarines were again operating from their old
base.  How effective they were to be was seen by the fact that, during
the next month, 34% of the supplies intended for Rommel were sunk on
route.  And it was not long before surface ships were again using
Malta for a base.

Meanwhile, help that would make a big difference to life on Malta was
being planned.  The long suffering citizens of that island, emerging
cautiously from their bomb shelters deep down in the rock, could not
of course be told, but on July 24th the decision was made by the
British and American leaders to invade North Africa in the west.  When
that invasion took place, a whole new situation would be created, with
tremendously increased naval and air forces driving the dreaded German
bombers from the skies.  And the Desert Fox, despite all his clever
strategems, would be boxed in from front and rear.

but that was in the unknown future.  For now there were more desperate
problems.  The two ships in June had saved the island and its
population.  But now supplies were again growing very short, and once
again the commander of the island had figured out to the exact day how
long he could ask the people to go on without additional suppliestion
too, and they finally determined to try again, with a far greater
escort than had ever been employed in the Mediterranean before to run
the guantlet with another supply convoy.  it was called the "Pedestal
Convoy." and it has gone down in naval histroy as one of the heroic
exploits of British sailors and merchant seamen.

The Convoy was formed at Gibraltar.  It consisted of eleven cargo
ships escorted by no fewer than four carriers, seven cruisers, and
twenty-five destroyers.  By August 11th they were under attack by Axis
forces.  The submarines were there first, and they took a csotly
first-blood, sinking the carrier EAGLE.  Then there followed, in the
next two days, wave after wave of German and Italian planes rushing to
the attack.  A second carrier was hit by three bombs and had to turn
back.  At the end of the day of August 12th the main escort's work was
done and it turned back for Gibraltar as the cargo ships entered the
narrow waters between Sicily and Tunisia.  They were now shepherded by
a mere three cruisers and ten destroyers.  That night Axis submarines
surfaced and sank the cruiser CAIRO and four cargo ships.  Then motor
torpedo boats joined the attack and sank a tanker and more cargo
ships.

The next morning more planes appeared.  But by evening two cargo ships
had made it through to Malta.  Later there arrived another cargo ship
and one priceless oil-laden tanker, the OHIO, heavily damaged and
given up for lost time and time again.  but always the desperately
working, exhausted sailors returned to attack new low lines, moving
ships alongside to keep the tanker afloat, dragging, pushing, and
almost literally holding up the hadly damaged ship until it was safe
in harbor.  It had been a very costly operation for the British navy.
But Malta, whose commander had already picked his "surrender day" if
supplies did not appear, could relax for a moment of satisfaction.
The bitterly fought over remnant of the convoy had arrived just four
days before the commander's "surrender day."  There were now supplies
and fuel enough to last until the Mediterranean could once again
become a British sea.

And now Rommel, realizing that his Fuehrer had placed all the stakes
on the invincible Desert Fox and his promise to push through to
Alexandria and beyond, perhaps feeling the first twinges of doubt that
he could carry out his prediction, made a last desperate effort.  On
the night of August 30-31, despite his complaints that no longer were
sufficient reinforcements and supplies getting through to him, he
attacked the left, center, and right of the British line at El
Alamein.  It was the usual Rommel attack, with the 15th and 21st
Panzer and 90th Light Divisions trying to make an end run around the
left of the British while the other forces made feints or holding
attacks.  Montgomery, now in command of the British Eighth Army, had
purposely refused his left flank, drawing it back into an "L" shape.
Thus, when Rommel moved in and turned north to come in behind the
British forces, he was opposed by an impassable line of anti-tank
fire, aided by close support air attacks.  The Desert Fox was out of
tricks, low on supplies, and before long would be out of Africa.

For when Montgomery was ready to attack in October, his army had been
supplied far beyond anything it had had in the past.  Supplies and
reinforcements had been coming in a solid stream around the Cape of
Good Hope and up the Suez Canal, while Rommel's still had to run the
gauntlet of British air and sea power in the Mediterranean - aided and
abetted by that piece of rock, bristling now with offensive weapons,
which the Field Marshal had begged Hitler not to invade, so that the
desert attack might proceed.  Montgomery had 150,000 men to Rommel's
less than 100,000.  And while the Axis forces had between 500 and 600
tanks, half of them were Italian, and thus much inferior.  The British
had 1114, including nearly 400 Grants and Shermans.

The battle could be dragged out for some time - even after the
American and British landings in Novemeber in northwest Africa.  But
with the heavy supplies pouring in to the Allies, and very little
getting through to Rommel's forces, there could be little doubt how it
would end.

And right there in the middle of the final act, effective again in
preventing supplies from reaching the Field Marshal was that damnable
pile of rock - Malta, now fully recovered well supplied and dangerous
as ever.

----------------------------------

TF MISSIONS              ENDURANCE

C  - Combat Patrol          40
B  - Bombardment            40
T  - Transport              40
E  - Evacuation             40
ES - Emergency Supply       40
U  - Submarine              60
MT - Motor Torpedo Boat      6
R  - Return                N/A


ATTACK RANGES
-------------

JU88             12
BEAUFORT         12
JU52             12
DO 17            10
SM 79            10
FULMAR            6
SWORDFISH         6
SPITFIRE          5
ME 109            5
JU 87             5


SEARCH RANGES
-------------

BEAUFORT        20
SM 79           20
DO 17           20
JU 88           20
SWORDFISH       12
JU 87           10
FLOAT PLANE     20


RELATIVE ACCURACY
-----------------

DO 17        1 (Bomb)
SM 79        1 (Torpedo)
BEAUFORT     2 (Torpedo)
JU 88        2 (Bomb)
SWORDFISH    4 (Torpedo)
JU 87        4 (Bomb)


DAMAGE CAUSED BY HIT
--------------------

AA (Secondary) Gun      1/2
CL Main Gun               1
CA Main Gun               2
Bomb                      3
Torpedo                   5
BB Main Gun               7


SEARCH SUCCESS FREQUENCY
------------------------


        0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

  1    98 60 20  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  2    98 80 60 40 20  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  3    98 86 73 60 46 33 20  6  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  4    98 89 80 69 60 50 40 30 20 10  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  5    98 91 84 76 67 60 52 43 35 28 20 10  3  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  6    98 93 86 80 73 66 60 53 46 40 33 26 20 13  6  0  0  0  0  0  0
  7    98 94 88 82 77 71 65 60 54 48 42 37 31 25 20 14  8  2  0  0  0
  8    98 94 89 85 80 75 69 64 60 55 50 44 40 34 30 25 20 15 10  5  0
  9    98 95 91 86 82 77 73 68 64 60 55 51 46 43 37 33 28 24 30 15 11
 10    98 95 91 87 84 80 76 71 67 63 60 56 52 47 43 40 35 31 28 23 20
 11    98 96 92 89 85 81 78 74 70 67 63 60 56 52 49 45 41 38 34 30 27
 12    98 96 93 89 86 83 80 76 73 69 66 63 60 56 53 50 46 43 40 36 33
 13    98 96 93 90 87 84 81 78 75 72 69 66 63 60 56 53 50 47 44 41 38
 14    98 97 94 91 88 85 82 80 77 74 71 68 65 62 60 57 54 51 48 45 42
 15    98 97 94 91 89 86 84 81 78 76 73 70 67 65 62 60 57 54 52 49 46
 16    98 97 94 92 89 87 85 82 80 77 75 72 69 67 64 62 60 57 55 52 50
 17    98 97 95 92 90 88 85 83 81 78 76 74 71 69 67 64 62 60 57 55 52
 18    98 97 95 93 91 88 86 84 82 80 77 75 73 71 68 66 64 62 60 57 55
 19    98 97 95 93 91 89 87 85 83 81 78 76 74 72 70 68 66 62 62 60 57
 20    98 97 95 93 91 89 87 86 84 82 80 78 76 73 71 69 67 65 63 62 60
 21    98 98 96 94 92 89 88 86 84 82 80 79 77 75 73 71 69 67 65 63 61
 22    98 98 96 94 92 90 89 87 85 83 81 80 78 76 74 72 70 69 66 65 63
 23    98 98 96 94 93 90 89 87 86 84 82 80 79 77 75 73 72 70 68 66 65
 24    98 98 96 94 93 91 89 88 86 85 83 81 80 78 76 75 73 71 69 68 66
 25    98 98 96 95 93 91 90 88 87 85 84 82 80 79 77 76 74 72 71 69 67
 26    98 98 96 95 93 91 90 89 87 86 84 83 81 80 78 76 75 73 72 70 69
 27    98 98 97 95 94 92 91 89 88 86 85 83 82 80 79 77 76 74 73 71 70
 28    98 98 97 95 94 92 91 89 88 87 85 84 82 81 80 78 77 75 74 72 71
 29    98 98 97 95 94 92 91 90 88 87 86 84 83 82 80 79 77 76 75 73 72
 30    98 98 97 95 94 93 91 90 89 87 86 85 84 82 81 80 78 77 76 74 73
 31    98 98 97 96 94 93 92 90 89 88 87 85 84 83 81 80 79 78 76 75 74
 32    98 98 97 96 94 93 92 91 89 88 87 76 85 83 82 81 80 79 78 76 75
 33    98 98 97 96 95 93 92 91 90 89 87 86 85 84 83 81 80 79 78 76 75
 34    98 98 97 96 95 93 92 91 90 89 88 87 85 84 83 82 81 80 78 78 76
 35    98 98 97 96 95 94 93 91 90 89 88 87 86 85 84 82 81 80 79 78 77
 36    98 98 97 96 95 94 93 92 91 89 88 87 86 85 84 83 82 81 80 78 77


----------------------------------------------------------------------

Source Used:
Browne, Stewart. The Siege Within the Walls: Malta 1940-194, Hodder
and Stronghton, London 1970

De Belote, Raymond. The Struggle for the Mediterranean 1939-1945.
Greenwood Press New York 1951.

Fuller, Major General J.F.C. The Second World War 1939-1945. Meredith
Press, New York 1948

Macintyre, Donald. The Naval War Against Hitler, Charles Scribner's
Sons, New York, 1974.

Morison, Samuel Eliot. The Battle of the Atlantic September 1939-May
1943.  Little Brown and Compan, Boston, 1950.

Smith, Peter C, Pedestal: The Malta Convoy of August 1942. William
Kimber, London 1970.

Produced By SSI 1981

*********

End of the Project 64 etext of the Bomb Alley Rule Book.

*********
